Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Anesthesiology Cardiology Dermatology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology General Medicine Geriatrics Hematology Infectious Diseases Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Obstetrics and Gynecology Oncology Pediatrics Psychiatry Radiology Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery Urology
Congress Coverage
2024 ESMO Congress 2024 ERS Congress 2024 EASD Congress 2024 ESC Congress 2024 EAN Congress 2024 ASCO Annual Meeting 2024 ACC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on modern management of frailty

LIVE: Thursday 17th October 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

Frailty has a significant impact on health and wellbeing, especially in older adults. Join our experts to understand the factors that contribute to the development of frailty and find out how to manage the condition and reduce the risk of disability, dependency, and mortality.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top

Misdiagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis: Past, Present, and Future

or
Journals by subject

Editor's Choice | Journals

scroll for more

use your arrow keys for more

scroll or use arrow keys for more

Latest Journal Issues

scroll for more

use your arrow keys for more

scroll or use arrow keys for more

Stay up to date with medical journals in your specialty

Already registered? Log in here

Register today

Looking for something specific?

Find articles from over 500 clinical journals from Springer with the search function.

Latest issues in Internal Medicine

scroll for more

use your arrow keys for more

scroll or use arrow keys for more

Latest issues in Cardiology

scroll for more

use your arrow keys for more

scroll or use arrow keys for more

Latest issues in Diabetes & Endocrinology

scroll for more

use your arrow keys for more

scroll or use arrow keys for more

Latest issues in Neurology

scroll for more

use your arrow keys for more

scroll or use arrow keys for more

Latest issues in Oncology

scroll for more

use your arrow keys for more

scroll or use arrow keys for more

Latest issues in Pediatrics

scroll for more

use your arrow keys for more

scroll or use arrow keys for more

Latest issues in Respiratory Medicine

scroll for more

use your arrow keys for more

scroll or use arrow keys for more

About journals on Springer Medicine

The range of medical journals on Springer Medicine is extremely diverse. It includes the current editions and archives of around 500 English-language journals from almost all medical disciplines published by Springer. 

The specialist literature is usually available both online in full text and as a PDF for download. The online view is optimized in such a way that the specialist texts can be read comfortably on all screen sizes, from desktops to tablets to smartphones. We also include features to support your use of the journals for your research, such as bookmark setting.

Whether you’re interested in internal medicine, surgery, general medicine, gynecology, orthopedics, neurology, or pediatrics, there are excellent journals in almost every subject area, such as the BMC Series, Diabetologia, Breast Cancer Research, Current Obesity Reports, CNS Drugs and many others, all of which are an integral part of the everyday life of doctors across Europe. 

The breadth of content from this suite of journals allows the Springer Medicine team to collect and deliver broad-ranging content across the full spectrum of medical knowledge, with a special focus on topics highlighted by these leading journals and their editorial boards and specialist authors. This guarantees a high quality of content and ensures that our readers are offered the most relevant topics in their respective specialist area. 

Our experienced clinical content managers constantly monitor the needs of medical professionals to provide up-to-date reports from international congresses, expert interviews, and a range of digestible content on emerging topics in the field of medicine.
Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
Published in:

07-09-2024 | Multiple Sclerosis | Review Free for a limited time

Misdiagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis: Past, Present, and Future

Authors: Nicole Bou Rjeily, Andrew J. Solomon

Published in: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports | Issue 11/2024

Login to get access

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Misdiagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) is a prevalent worldwide problem. This review discusses how MS misdiagnosis has evolved over time and focuses on contemporary challenges and potential strategies for its prevention.

Recent Findings

Recent studies report cohorts with a range of misdiagnosis between 5 and 18%. Common disorders are frequently misdiagnosed as MS. Overreliance on MRI findings and misapplication of MS diagnostic criteria are often associated with misdiagnosis. Emerging imaging biomarkers, including the central vein sign and paramagnetic rim lesions, may aid diagnostic accuracy when evaluating patients for suspected MS.

Summary

MS misdiagnosis can have harmful consequences for patients and healthcare systems. Further research is needed to better understand its causes. Concerted and novel educational efforts to ensure accurate and widespread implementation of MS diagnostic criteria remain an unmet need. The incorporation of diagnostic biomarkers highly specific for MS in the future may prevent misdiagnosis.
Literature
1.
Thompson AJ, Banwell BL, Barkhof F, et al. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17:162–73.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Tintore M, Cobo-Calvo A, Carbonell P, et al. Effect of changes in MS Diagnostic Criteria over 25 years on time to treatment and prognosis in patients with clinically isolated syndrome. Neurology. 2021;97:e1641–52.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Cobo-Calvo A, Tur C, Otero-Romero S, et al. Association of very early treatment initiation with the risk of long-term disability in patients with a first demyelinating event. Neurology. 2023;101:e1280–92.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
4.
Solomon AJ, Arrambide G, Brownlee WJ, et al. Differential diagnosis of suspected multiple sclerosis: an updated consensus approach. Lancet Neurol. 2023;22:750–68. Updated consensus recommendations for approaching differential diagnoses of MS that include neurological symptoms or signs and MRI findings that should prompt the consideration of alternative diagnoses as well as approaches to typical presentations of MS.CrossRefPubMed
5.
6.
Landes-Chateau C, Levraut M, Cohen M, Sicard M, Papeix C, Cotton F, Balcerac A, Themelin A, Mondot L, Lebrun-Frenay C. Identification of demyelinating lesions and application of McDonald criteria when confronted with white matter lesions on brain MRI. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2023;179:1103–10.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Solomon AJ, Pettigrew R, Naismith RT, Chahin S, Krieger S, Weinshenker B. Challenges in multiple sclerosis diagnosis: misunderstanding and misapplication of the McDonald criteria. Mult Scler J. 2021;27:250–8.CrossRef
8.
Solomon AJ, Kaisey M, Krieger SC, Chahin S, Naismith RT, Weinstein SM, Shinohara RT, Weinshenker BG. Multiple sclerosis diagnosis: knowledge gaps and opportunities foreducational intervention in neurologists in the United States. Mult Scler. 2022;28:1248.CrossRefPubMed
9.
10.
11.
Schumacher GA, Beebe G, Kibler RF, Kurland LT, Kurtzke JF, McDowell F, Nagler B, Sibley WA, Tourtellotte WW, Willmon TL. Problems of experimental trials of therapy in multiple sclerosis: report by the panel on the evaluation of experimental trials of therapy in multiple sclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1965;122:552–68.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Engell T. A clinico-pathoanatomical study of multiple sclerosis diagnosis. Acta Neurol Scand. 1988;78:39–44.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Herndon RM, Brooks B. Misdiagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Semin Neurol. 1985;5:94–8.CrossRef
14.
15.
Hankey GJ, Stewart-Wynne EG. Pseudo-multiple sclerosis: a clinico-epidemiological study. Clin Exp Neurol. 1987;24:11–9.PubMed
16.
Poser CM, Paty DW, Scheinberg L, McDonald WI, Davis FA, Ebers GC, Johnson KP, Sibley WA, Silberberg DH, Tourtellotte WW. New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines for research protocols. Ann Neurol. 1983;13:227–31.CrossRefPubMed
17.
18.
Rudick RA, Schiffer RB, Schwetz KM, Herndon RM. Multiple sclerosis. The problem of incorrect diagnosis. Arch Neurol. 1986;43:578–83.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Skegg K, Corwin PA, Skegg DC. How often is multiple sclerosis mistaken for a psychiatric disorder? Psychol Med. 1988;18:733–6.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Rolak LA, Fleming JO. The differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Neurologist. 2007;13:57–72.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Kaisey M, Solomon AJ, Luu M, Giesser BS, Sicotte NL. Incidence of multiple sclerosis misdiagnosis in referrals to two academic centers. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2019;30:51–6.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Midaglia L, Sastre-Garriga J, Pappolla A, et al. The frequency and characteristics of MS misdiagnosis in patients referred to the multiple sclerosis centre of Catalonia. Mult Scler J. 2021;27:913–21.CrossRef
23.
Gaitán MI, Sanchez M, Farez MF, Fiol MP, Ysrraelit MC, Solomon AJ, Correale J. The frequency and characteristics of multiple sclerosis misdiagnosis in Latin America: a referral center study in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Mult Scler J. 2022;28:1373–81.CrossRef
24.
Wang Y, Bou Rjeily N, Koshorek J, Grkovski R, Aulakh M, Lin D, Solomon AJ, Mowry EM. Clinical and radiologic characteristics associated with multiple sclerosis misdiagnosis at a tertiary referral center in the United States. Mult Scler J. 2023;29:1428–36.CrossRef
25.
Abdula RH, Kurmanji MT, Mohammed ZA, Al-Bajalan SJ. Revision of multiple sclerosis cases according to new 2017 McDonald criteria among diagnosed patients in Sulaimani city. J Sulaimani Med Coll. 2021;11:323–33.CrossRef
26.
Tieppo EM, de Silva S, Silva GD, da Silva TFF, et al. Misdiagnosis in multiple sclerosis in a Brazilian reference center: Clinical, radiological, laboratory profile and failures in the diagnostic process—Cohort study. Mult Scler J. 2023;29:1755–64.CrossRef
27.
de Seabra MML, Abreu PMP, Mendonça MTS, Reis JJCS, Sá MJPM, Guimarães Ferreira Almeida JC. Diagnostic revisions in multiple sclerosis. Clin Exp Neuroimmunol. 2020;11:171–5.CrossRef
28.
Katsarogiannis E, Landtblom AM, Kristoffersson A, Wikström J, Semnic R, Berntsson SG. Absence of Oligoclonal Bands in multiple sclerosis: a call for Differential diagnosis. J Clin Med. 2023;12:4656.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
29.
Caparo-Zamalloa C, Castro-Suarez S, Cortez-Escalante J, Aguirre-Quispe W, Guevara-Silva E, Osorio-Marcatinco V, Meza-Vega M. Brainstem syndrome at onset is related to an early MS diagnosis in Peru: a national referral center cohort. Heliyon. 2021;7:e08069.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
30.
Yamout BI, Khoury SJ, Ayyoubi N, Doumiati H, Fakhreddine M, Ahmed SF, Tamim H, Al-Hashel JY, Behbehani R, Alroughani R. Alternative diagnoses in patients referred to specialized centers for suspected MS. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2017;18:85–9.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Carmosino MJ, Brousseau KM, Arciniegas DB, Carboy JR. Initial evaluations for multiple sclerosis in a university multiple sclerosis center: outcomes and role of magnetic resonance imaging in referral. Arch Neurol. 2005;62:585–90.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Wingerchuk DM, Banwell B, Bennett JL, et al. International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurology. 2015;85:177–89.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
33.
Banwell B, Bennett JL, Marignier R, et al. Diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: International MOGAD Panel proposed criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2023;22:268–82.CrossRefPubMed
34.
Pittock SJ, Lennon VA, Bakshi N, Shen L, McKeon A, Quach H, Briggs FBS, Bernstein AL, Schaefer CA, Barcellos LF. Seroprevalence of aquaporin-4-IgG in a northern California population representative cohort of multiple sclerosis. JAMA Neurol. 2014;71:1433–6.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Carnero Contentti E, López PA, Criniti J, et al. Frequency of NMOSD misdiagnosis in a cohort from Latin America: impact and evaluation of different contributors. Mult Scler J. 2023;29:277–86.CrossRef
36.
Santoro JD, Gould J, Panahloo Z, Thompson E, Lefelar J, Palace J. Patient pathway to diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD): findings from a multinational survey of 204 patients. Neurol Ther. 2023;12:1081–101.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
37.
Mealy MA, Wingerchuk DM, Greenberg BM, Levy M. Epidemiology of neuromyelitis optica in the United States: a multicenter analysis. Arch Neurol. 2012;69:1176–80.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Triplett JD, Qiu J, O’Brien B, et al. Diagnosis, differential diagnosis and misdiagnosis of Susac syndrome. Eur J Neurol. 2022;29:1771.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Böttcher T, Rolfs A, Tanislav C, Bitsch A, Köhler W, Gaedeke J, Giese AK, Kolodny EH, Duning T. Fabry disease – underestimated in the Differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis? PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e71894.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
40.
Hellmann MA, Kakhlon O, Landau EH, et al. Frequent misdiagnosis of adult polyglucosan body disease. J Neurol. 2015;262:2346–51.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Donnan PT, McDonald MJ. Patients’ experiences of a diagnosis of Hughes’ syndrome. Clin Rheumatol. 2009;28:1091–100.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Graf J, Schwitalla JC, Albrecht P, Veltkamp R, Berlit P, Hartung HP, Aktas O, Kraemer M. Misdiagnoses and delay of diagnoses in Moyamoya angiopathy-a large caucasian case series. J Neurol. 2019;266:1153–9.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Dorfman LJ, Fischbein NJ, Woodard JI, Choudhri O, Bell-Stephens TE, Steinberg GK. Moyamoya disease can masquerade as multiple sclerosis. Neurologist. 2012;18:398–403.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Scott TF, Yandora K, Kunschner LJ, Schramke C. Neurosarcoidosis mimicry of multiple sclerosis: clinical, laboratory, and imaging characteristics. Neurologist. 2010;16:386–9.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Khan A, Abedi V, Li J, Malik MT, Esch M, Zand R. CADASIL vs. multiple sclerosis: is it misdiagnosis or concomitant? A Case Series. Front Neurol. 2020;11:860.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
46.
Blok KM, Smolders J, van Rosmalen J, Martins Jarnalo CO, Wokke B, de Beukelaar J. Real-world challenges in the diagnosis of primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol. 2023;30:3799–808.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Filippi M, Preziosa P, Arnold DL, et al. Present and future of the diagnostic work-up of multiple sclerosis: the imaging perspective. J Neurol. 2023;270:1286–99.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Liu S, Kullnat J, Bourdette D, Simon J, Kraemer DF, Murchison C, Hamilton BE. Prevalence of brain magnetic resonance imaging meeting Barkhof and McDonald criteria for dissemination in space among headache patients. Mult Scler J. 2013;19:1101–5.CrossRef
49.
50.
Conrad N, Misra S, Verbakel JY, et al. Incidence, prevalence, and co-occurrence of autoimmune disorders over time and by age, sex, and socioeconomic status: a population-based cohort study of 22 million individuals in the UK. Lancet. 2023;401:1878–90.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Solomon AJ, Corboy JR. The tension between early diagnosis and misdiagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol. 2017;2017 13:567–72.CrossRefPubMed
52.
Smith AD, Moog TM, Burgess KW, McCreary M, Okuda DT. Factors associated with the misdiagnosis of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2023;70:104498.CrossRefPubMed
53.
Palace J, Leite MI, Nairne A, Vincent A. Interferon beta treatment in neuromyelitis optica: increase in relapses and aquaporin 4 antibody titers. Arch Neurol. 2010;67:1016–7.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Bonnan M, Berthelot E, Cabre P. Multiple sclerosis-like NMOSD patients suffer severe worsening of status after fingolimod initiation. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2021;52:102975.CrossRefPubMed
55.
Bebo B, Cintina I, Larocca N, Ritter L, Talente B, Hartung D, Ngorsuraches S, Wallin M, Yang G. The Economic Burden of multiple sclerosis in the United States. Neurology. 2022;98:e1810–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
56.
Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Tyler KL. Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Complicating Treatment with Natalizumab and Interferon Beta-1a for multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:369–74.CrossRefPubMed
57.
Solomon AJ, Klein E. Disclosing a misdiagnosis of multiple sclerosis: do no harm? Contin Lifelong Learn Neurol. 2013;19:1087–91.CrossRef
58.
Gallagher TH, Studdert D, Levinson W. Disclosing Harmful Medical errors to patients. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:2713–9.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Hawkes CH, Giovannoni G. The McDonald Criteria for multiple sclerosis: time for clarification. Mult Scler. 2010;16:566–75.CrossRefPubMed
60.
Zamecnik CR, Sowa GM, Abdelhak A, et al. An autoantibody signature predictive for multiple sclerosis. Nat Med. 2024;30:1300–8.CrossRefPubMed
61.
Kaisey M, Lashgari G, Fert-Bober J, Ontaneda D, Solomon AJ, Sicotte NL. An update on Diagnostic Laboratory biomarkers for multiple sclerosis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2022;22:675–88.CrossRefPubMed
62.
Freedman MS, Gnanapavan S, Booth RA, Calabresi PA, Khalil M, Kuhle J, Lycke J, Olsson T. Guidance for use of neurofilament light chain as a cerebrospinal fluid and blood biomarker in multiple sclerosis management. EBioMedicine. 2024;101:104970.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
63.
Kodosaki E, Watkins WJ, Loveless S, Kreft KL, Richards A, Anderson V, Hurler L, Robertson NP, Zelek WM, Tallantyre EC. Combination protein biomarkers predict multiple sclerosis diagnosis and outcomes. J Neuroinflammation. 2024;21:52.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
64.
Shah AA, Piche J, Stewart B, Lyness C, Callaghan B, Solomon AJ. Limited diagnostic utility of serologic testing for neurologic manifestations of systemic disease in the evaluation of suspected multiple sclerosis: a single-center observational study. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2023;69:104443.CrossRefPubMed
65.
Mustafa R, Flanagan EP, Duffy DJ, Weinshenker BG, Soldán MMP, Kunchok A, Kaisey M, Solomon AJ. Laboratory evaluation for the differential diagnosis of possible multiple sclerosis in the United States: a physician survey. J Neurol Sci. 2023;453:120781.CrossRefPubMed
66.
Sati P, Oh J, Todd Constable R, et al. The central vein sign and its clinical evaluation for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: a consensus statement from the North American Imaging in multiple sclerosis Cooperative. Nat Rev Neurol. 2016;12:714–22. Consensus statement regarding evaluation for the central vein sign, an emerging MRI diagnostic biomarker for MS.CrossRefPubMed
67.
Bagnato F, Sati P, Hemond CC, Elliott C, Gauthier SA, Harrison DM, Mainero C, Oh J, Pitt D, Shinohara RT, Smith SA, Trapp B, Azevedo CJ, Calabresi PA, Henry RG, Laule C, Ontaneda D, Rooney WD, Sicotte NL, Reich DS, Absinta M. Imaging chronic active lesions in multiple sclerosis: a consensus statement. Brain. 2024:awae013. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​brain/​awae013.
68.
Nolan-Kenney RC, Liu M, Akhand O, et al. Optimal intereye difference thresholds by optical coherence tomography in multiple sclerosis: an international study. Ann Neurol. 2019;85:618–25.CrossRefPubMed
69.
Toussaint D, Périer O, Verstappen A, Bervoets S. Clinicopathological study of the visual pathways, eyes, and cerebral hemispheres in 32 cases of disseminated sclerosis. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1983;3:211–20.PubMed
70.
Brownlee WJ, Miszkiel KA, Tur C, Barkhof F, Miller DH, Ciccarelli O. Inclusion of optic nerve involvement in dissemination in space criteria for multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2018;91:e1130–4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
71.
Bsteh G, Hegen H, Altmann P, et al. Diagnostic performance of adding the Optic nerve region assessed by Optical Coherence Tomography to the diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2023;101:e784–93.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
72.
Vidal-Jordana A, Rovira A, Calderon W, et al. Adding the Optic nerve in multiple sclerosis diagnostic criteria a longitudinal, prospective, Multicenter Study. Neurology. 2024;102:e200805.CrossRefPubMed
73.
Stunkel L, Kung NH, Wilson B, McClelland CM, Van Stavern GP. Incidence and causes of overdiagnosis of Optic Neuritis. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2018;136:76–81.CrossRefPubMed
74.
Petzold A, Fraser CL, Abegg M, et al. Diagnosis and classification of optic neuritis. Lancet Neurol. 2022;12:1120–34.CrossRef
75.
Sastre-Garriga J, Vidal-Jordana A, Toosy AT, et al. Value of Optic nerve MRI in multiple sclerosis Clinical Management: a MAGNIMS position paper and future perspectives. Neurology. 2024;103:e209677.CrossRefPubMed
76.
Gaitán MI, Yañez P, Paday Formenti ME, Calandri I, Figueiredo E, Sati P, Correale J. SWAN-Venule: an optimized MRI technique to detect the Central Vein sign in MS plaques. Am J Neuroradiol. 2020;41:456–60.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
77.
Dixon JE, Simpson A, Mistry N, Evangelou N, Morris PG. Optimisation of T2*-weighted MRI for the detection of small veins in multiple sclerosis at 3 T and 7 T. Eur J Radiol. 2013;82:719–27.CrossRefPubMed
78.
Castellaro M, Tamanti A, Pisani AI, Pizzini FB, Crescenzo F, Calabrese M. The Use of the Central Vein sign in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Diagnostics. 2020;10:1025.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
79.
Lummel N, Boeckh-Behrens T, Schoepf V, Burke M, Brückmann H, Linn J. Presence of a central vein within white matter lesions on susceptibility weighted imaging: a specific finding for multiple sclerosis? Neuroradiology. 2011;53:311–7.CrossRefPubMed
80.
Solomon AJ, Watts R, Ontaneda D, Absinta M, Sati P, Reich DS. Diagnostic performance of central vein sign for multiple sclerosis with a simplified three-lesion algorithm. Mult Scler J. 2018;24:750–7.CrossRef
81.
Cortese R, Carrasco FP, Tur C, et al. Differentiating multiple sclerosis from AQP4-Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum disorder and MOG-Antibody Disease with Imaging. Neurology. 2023;100:E308–23.CrossRefPubMed
82.
Maggi P, Absinta M, Grammatico M, et al. Central vein sign differentiates multiple sclerosis from central nervous system inflammatory vasculopathies. Ann Neurol. 2018;83:283.CrossRefPubMed
83.
Mistry N, Abdel-Fahim R, Samaraweera A, Mougin O, Tallantyre E, Tench C, Jaspan T, Morris P, Morgan PS, Evangelou N. Imaging central veins in brain lesions with 3-T T2∗-weighted magnetic resonance imaging differentiates multiple sclerosis from microangiopathic brain lesions. Mult Scler. 2016;22:1289–96.CrossRefPubMed
84.
Sinnecker T, Clarke MA, Meier D, et al. Evaluation of the Central Vein Sign as a diagnostic imaging biomarker in multiple sclerosis. JAMA Neurol. 2019;76:1446–56.CrossRefPubMed
85.
Maggi P, Absinta M, Sati P, et al. The central vein sign in patients with diagnostic red flags for multiple sclerosis: a prospective multicenter 3T study. Mult Scler J. 2020;26:421–32.CrossRef
86.
Kaisey M, Solomon AJ, Guerrero BL, Renner B, Fan Z, Ayala N, Luu M, Diniz MA, Sati P, Sicotte NL. Preventing multiple sclerosis misdiagnosis using the central vein sign: a real-world study. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2021;48:102671.CrossRefPubMed
87.
Clarke MA, Samaraweera APR, Falah Y, Pitiot A, Allen CM, Dineen RA, Tench CR, Morgan PS, Evangelou N. Single test to ARrive at multiple sclerosis (STAR-MS) diagnosis: a prospective pilot study assessing the accuracy of the central vein sign in predicting multiple sclerosis in cases of diagnostic uncertainty. Mult Scler J. 2020;26:433–41.CrossRef
88.
Ontaneda D, Sati P, Raza P, et al. Central vein sign: a diagnostic biomarker in multiple sclerosis (CAVS-MS) study protocol for a prospective multicenter trial. Neuroimage (Amst). 2021;32:102834.
89.
Hemond CC, Reich DS, Dundamadappa SK. Paramagnetic Rim lesions in multiple sclerosis: comparison of visualization at 1.5-T and 3-T MRI. Am J Roentgenol. 2022;219:120–9.CrossRef
90.
Maggi P, Sati P, Nair G, et al. Paramagnetic Rim Lesions are specific to multiple sclerosis: an International Multicenter 3T MRI study. Ann Neurol. 2020;88:1034–42.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
91.
Meaton I, Altokhis A, Allen CM, et al. Paramagnetic rims are a promising diagnostic imaging biomarker in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J. 2022;28:2212–20.CrossRef
92.
Jang J, Nam Y, Choi Y, Shin NY, An JY, Ahn KJ, Kim BS, Lee KS, Kim W. Paramagnetic rims in multiple sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum disorder: a quantitative susceptibility mapping study with 3-T MRI. J Clin Neurol. 2020;16:562–72.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
93.
Kim W, Shin HG, Lee H, Park D, Kang J, Nam Y, Lee J, Jang J. X-Separation imaging for diagnosis of multiple sclerosis versus neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Radiology. 2023;307:e220941.CrossRefPubMed
94.
Sinnecker T, Schumacher S, Mueller K, et al. MRI phase changes in multiple sclerosis vs neuromyelitis optica lesions at 7T. Neurol Neuroimmunol NeuroInflammation. 2016;3:e259.CrossRef
95.
Hagemeier J, Heininen-Brown M, Poloni GU, et al. Iron deposition in multiple sclerosis lesions measured by susceptibility-weighted imaging filtered phase: a case control study. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2012;36:73–83.CrossRefPubMed
96.
Kilsdonk ID, Wattjes MP, Lopez-Soriano A, et al. Improved differentiation between MS and vascular brain lesions using FLAIR* at 7 Tesla. Eur Radiol. 2014;24:841–9.CrossRefPubMed
97.
Chawla I, Kister J, Wuerfel J-C, Brisset S, Liu T, Sinnecker P, Dusek EM, Haacke F, Paul Y, Ge S. Iron and non-iron-related characteristics of multiple sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Lesions at 7T MRI. Am J Neuroradiol. 2016;37:1223–30.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
98.
Clarke MA, Pareto D, Pessini-Ferreira L, et al. Value of 3T susceptibility-weighted imaging in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Am J Neuroradiol. 2020;41:1001–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
99.
Martire MS, Moiola L, Rocca MA, Filippi M, Absinta M. What is the potential of paramagnetic rim lesions as diagnostic indicators in multiple sclerosis? Expert Rev Neurother. 2022;22:829–37.CrossRefPubMed
100.
Oh J, Lim T, Suthiphosuwan S, Espiritu A, Guenette M, Bharatha A, Sati P, Absinta M, Reich D. Paramagnetic rim lesions predict the development of clinical MS in radiologically isolated syndrome: results from a prospective cohort study (S27.003). Neurology. 2023;100(17_supplement_2):3930.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Misdiagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis: Past, Present, and Future
Authors
Nicole Bou Rjeily
Andrew J. Solomon
Publication date
07-09-2024
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports / Issue 11/2024
Print ISSN: 1528-4042
Electronic ISSN: 1534-6293
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-024-01371-w
Image Credits