BCMA-targeted therapies in multiple myeloma: advances, challenges and future prospects

Multiple myeloma (MM) is hematological cancer characterized by the aberrant proliferation of plasma cells. The treatment of MM has historically presented challenges, with a limited number of patients achieving sustained remission. Recent advancements in the therapeutic landscape have been marked by the development of B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)—targeted therapies. BCMA, a plasma cell surface protein, is instrumental in the proliferation and survival of myeloma cells. This review aims to critically assess recent developments in BCMA-targeted therapies. The focus is on evaluating their efficacy and accessibility, as well as discussing potential future directions in this field. Emphasis is placed on chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy and bispecific antibodies as emerging therapeutic strategies. An extensive review of current clinical trials and studies was conducted, centering on BCMA-targeted therapies. This encompassed an analysis of CAR T-cell therapies, which involve the genetic modification of patient T-cells to target BCMA, and bispecific antibodies that bind to both BCMA on myeloma cells and CD3 on T-cells. Clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of BCMA-targeted therapies in MM, with some patients achieving complete remission. However, these therapies are associated with adverse effects such as cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity. Research efforts are ongoing to reduce these side effects and enhance overall therapeutic effectiveness. BCMA-targeted therapies signify a notable advancement in MM treatment, offering prospects for prolonged remission and potentially curative outcomes. Despite existing challenges, these therapies represent a significant shift in MM management. The review highlights the necessity of ongoing research to optimize these therapies, improve patient outcomes, and increase treatment accessibility.