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Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome
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Open Access 01-12-2024 | Metabolic Disease and Nutrition | Review

Interrelationships among metabolic syndrome, bone-derived cytokines, and the most common metabolic syndrome-related diseases negatively affecting bone quality

Authors: Monika Martiniakova, Vladimira Mondockova, Veronika Kovacova, Martina Babikova, Nina Zemanova, Roman Biro, Noemi Penzes, Radoslav Omelka

Published in: Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome | Issue 1/2024

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Abstract

Metabolic syndrome (MetS), as a set of medical conditions including hyperglycemia, hypertension, abdominal obesity, and dyslipidemia, represents a highly prevalent disease cluster worldwide. The individual components of MetS together increase the risk of MetS-related disorders. Recent research has demonstrated that bone, as an endocrine organ, releases several systemic cytokines (osteokines), including fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), lipocalin 2 (LCN2), and sclerostin (SCL). This review not only summarizes current knowledge about MetS, osteokines and the most common MetS-related diseases with a detrimental impact on bone quality (type 2 diabetes mellitus: T2DM; cardiovascular diseases: CVDs; osteoporosis: OP), but also provides new interpretations of the relationships between osteokines and individual components of MetS, as well as between osteokines and MetS-related diseases mentioned above. In this context, particular emphasis was given on available clinical studies. According to the latest knowledge, FGF23 may become a useful biomarker for obesity, T2DM, and CVDs, as FGF23 levels were increased in patients suffering from these diseases. LCN2 could serve as an indicator of obesity, dyslipidemia, T2DM, and CVDs. The levels of LCN2 positively correlated with obesity indicators, triglycerides, and negatively correlated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Furthermore, subjects with T2DM and CVDs had higher LCN2 levels. SCL may act as a potential biomarker predicting the incidence of MetS including all its components, T2DM, CVDs, and OP. Elevated SCL levels were noted in individuals with T2DM, CVDs and reduced in patients with OP. The aforementioned bone-derived cytokines have the potential to serve as promising predictors and prospective treatment targets for MetS and MetS-related diseases negatively affecting bone quality.
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Metadata
Title
Interrelationships among metabolic syndrome, bone-derived cytokines, and the most common metabolic syndrome-related diseases negatively affecting bone quality
Authors
Monika Martiniakova
Vladimira Mondockova
Veronika Kovacova
Martina Babikova
Nina Zemanova
Roman Biro
Noemi Penzes
Radoslav Omelka
Publication date
01-12-2024
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome / Issue 1/2024
Electronic ISSN: 1758-5996
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-024-01440-7

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