Figures
Abstract
Background
Left atrial (LA) enlargement is a predictor of worse outcome after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF). Widely used two-dimensional (2D)-echocardiography is inaccurate and underestimates real LA volume (LAV). We hypothesized that baseline clinical characteristics of patients can be used to adjust 2D-ECHO indices of LAV in order to minimize this disagreement.
Methods
The study enrolled 535 patients (59 ± 9 years; 67% males; 43% paroxysmal AF) who underwent catheter ablation for AF in three specialized centers. We investigated multivariately the relationship between 2D-echocardiographic indices of LA size, specifically LA diameter in M-mode in the parasternal long-axis view (LAD), LAV assessed by the prolate-ellipsoid method (LAVEllipsoid), LAV by the planimetric method (LAVPlanimetry), and LAV derived from 3D-electroanatomic mapping (LAVCARTO).
Results
Cubed LAD of 106 ± 45 ml, LAVEllipsoid of 72 ± 24 ml and LAVPlanimetry of 88 ± 30 ml correlated only modestly (r = 0.60, 0.69, and 0.53, respectively) with LAVCARTO of 137 ± 46 ml, which was significantly underestimated with a bias (±1.96 standard deviation) of -31 (-111; +49) ml, -64 (-132; +2) ml, and -49 (-125; +27) ml, respectively; p < 0.0001 for their mutual difference. LA enlargement itself, age, gender, type of AF, and the presence of structural heart disease were independent confounders of measurement error of 2D-echocardiographic LAV.
Citation: Havranek S, Fiala M, Bulava A, Sknouril L, Dorda M, Bulkova V, et al. (2016) Multivariate Analysis of Correspondence between Left Atrial Volumes Assessed by Echocardiography and 3-Dimensional Electroanatomic Mapping in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. PLoS ONE 11(3): e0152553. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152553
Editor: Simon Body, Harvard Medical School, UNITED STATES
Received: December 8, 2015; Accepted: March 16, 2016; Published: March 29, 2016
Copyright: © 2016 Havranek et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper.
Funding: The work was supported by the following: Charles University supporting program: PRVOUK-P35/LF1/5, URL: http://www.cuni.cz/UK-3885.html; and OP Prague Competitiveness: CZ.2.16/3.1.00/21565, URL: http://www.prahafondy.eu/cz/oppk.html. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing of interests exist.
Introduction
Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) is an established therapy in selected patients [1]. Assessment of left atrial (LA) size, which has been identified as a predictor of catheter ablation efficacy [2, 3], is essential when this treatment is considered. Despite advances in quantification of LA anatomy, the simplest echocardiographic index—antero-posterior LA diameter (LAD) from parasternal long-axis view—has been predominantly used for risk stratification of AF recurrence in numerous ablation studies as reflected by a recent meta-analysis [4].
It has long been known, however, that LAD poorly correlates with LA volume (LAV) [5–8], which has lead to the introduction of various complex methods for the calculation of LAV by use of 2D-echocardiography (ECHO) (e.g. prolate-ellipsoid method, area-length or disc method in single or biplane modification) [5–9]. While providing a more accurate assessment of LA size than LAD [5–9], they still systematically underestimate LAV assessed by 3D-ECHO, CT or MRI [7–12]. There is limited data on confounders of inaccuracy of 2D-ECHO indices. To the best of our knowledge, only single study reported LA enlargement to be associated with poor correspondence between LA diameters and 3D-ECHO LAV [8].
We hypothesized that other simple clinical characteristics of patients influencing this discrepancy could be identified in larger population and subsequently used for appropriate adjustment of 2D-ECHO indices. We investigated this hypothesis in real-world population of patients with non-valvular AF scheduled for catheter ablation in whom electroanatomic 3D reconstruction of the LA can be performed [13] and LAV can be assessed without geometric assumptions [14, 15].
Methods
Patients
Consecutive patients, who underwent catheter ablation for AF at three cardiology centers between May 2007 and December 2013, were analyzed. The data were retrieved from a dedicated registry that was shared by the centers. The study was approved by the local ethics committees at all three institutions involved (General University Hospital in Prague, Hospital Ceske Budejovice, Hospital Podlesi in Trinec) and all patients gave written informed consent.
3D Mapping and CT Image Integration
LA mapping was performed in standardized way prior to the ablation procedure. A 3D electroanatomic mapping system (CARTO XP or CARTO 3, Biosense-Webster Inc., Diamond Bar, CA, USA) and manual catheter navigation was used for reconstruction of the LA endocardial surface. Uniformly distributed mapping points were acquired at sites with stable endocardial contact. Special attention was paid not to include mapping points behind the pulmonary vein ostia. The orifice and proximal part of LA appendage was always mapped. Precise delineation of the mitral annulus was performed in all cases. Intracardiac echocardiography was used to visualize and tag the critical structures. A 3D virtual shell of the LA was built by software interpolations over the co-ordinates of multiple endocardial points. When multi-detector CT reconstruction of LA was available, the CT image was registered to the CARTO map by an algorithm that minimizes the distance between the mapping points and the surface of CT image. A merged display of the CT image and electroanatomic map was used to eliminate incidental internalized and/or externalized mapping points in order to improve the quality of integration. Finally, LAVCARTO was assessed using a built-in computation function of the Biosense system.
Echocardiographic examination
Transthoracic echocardiographic examinations were performed prior to the ablation procedure according to the recommendations of American Society of Echocardiography [6, 7, 16]. In case of irregular rhythm, the echocardiographic parameters were measured over ten beats to avoid bias given by beat-to-beat variability. The LAD was defined as end-systolic, M-mode, antero-posterior linear dimension in the parasternal long-axis view using 2D guidance for positioning of the cursor. The measurement was cubed (LAD3) in order to be comparable to other volume measures. The LAVEllipsoid was assessed by the prolate-ellipsoid method, which requires three LA orthogonal diameters in end-systole (LAD and two diameters in the apical 4-chamber view). A standardized planimetric method in a single-plane (apical 4-chamber view) was used to obtain LAVPlanimetry.
Statistical analysis
Continuous variables were expressed as means with standard deviations and compared by the 2-tailed t-test for independent samples. Categorical variables were expressed as percentages and compared by χ2–test. Pearson’s correlation and multivariate linear regression were used to analyze the relationship between LAD3, LAVEllipsoid, and LAVPlanimetry (together with other clinical covariates) as independent variables and LAVCARTO as dependent variable. Obtained regression coefficients were used for simple and multivariate adjustment of individual ECHO-based indices. Predictive characteristics of 2D-ECHO-based LAV for above-median LAVCARTO were assessed for raw echocardiographic measurements as well as for the values after multivariate adjustment for the clinical characteristics of patients. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. All analyses were performed using the STATISTICA vers.12 software (Statsoft, Inc., Tulsa, USA).
Results
A total 535 patients (aged 59 ± 9 years; 67% males; 43% paroxysmal AF) were analyzed. Baseline characteristics of the total population and subgroups by type of AF are shown in Table 1. Males were significantly younger than females (58 ± 10 vs. 62 ± 8 years, p < 0.0001). The distributions of LAV indices are illustrated in Fig 1.
Abbreviations: IQR—interquartile range; LAD3 –cubed left atrial diameter in parasternal long-axis view; LAVEllipsoid−left atrial volume (LAV) assessed by the prolate-ellipsoid method; LAVPlanimetry−LAV assessed by the planimetric method; LAVCARTO−CARTO-derived LAV.
The results of simple regression between 2D-ECHO-based LAV indices and LAVCARTO are shown in Table 2 and Fig 2. The differences between correlation coefficients were significant (p < 0.05). LAD3, LAVEllipsoid, and LAVPlanimetry underestimated LAVCARTO with an absolute bias (± 1.96 standard deviation) of -31 (-111; +49) ml, -64 (-132; +2) ml, and -49 (-125; +27) ml, and a relative bias of -20% (-73%; +32%), -45% (-73%; -17%), and -33% (-78%; +12%), respectively; p < 0.0001 for their mutual difference (Fig 2). For all 2D-ECHO-based LAV indices, the underestimation was significantly (p < 0.0001) more pronounced in patients with above-median (>130 ml) LAVCARTO (Fig 3).
Upper row: Pearson’s correlation. Middle row: scatterplots for absolute differences between 2D-ECHO-based and CARTO-derived LAV versus CARTO-derived LAV. Lower row: scatterplots for relative differences between 2D-ECHO-based and CARTO-derived LAV versus CARTO-derived LAV. Red line—identity line; black line—regression line; blue line—bias; green line—limits of agreement (±1.96 standard deviation). Abbreviations as in Fig 1.
Absolute and relative differences are shown in upper and lower row of graphs, respectively. Data are dichotomized by median of LAVCARTO (130 ml). The points and whiskers represent mean and ±1.96 standard deviation. Abbreviations as in Fig 1.
Age, gender, type of AF, and presence of structural heart disease (SHD) were significant and independent covariates of the difference between 2D-ECHO-based and CARTO-derived LAV by multivariate regression analysis (Table 3). The most pronounced underestimation was found in elderly males with dilated LA, non-paroxysmal AF, and SHD. Overestimation was quite rare and limited namely to young females with non-dilated LA, paroxysmal AF, and absence of SHD. The Fig 4 shows how 2D-ECHO-based LAV indices correspond to CARTO-derived LAV after simple linear and multivariate adjustment.
Upper row: raw values. Middle row: simple linear adjustment. Lower row: multivariate adjustment for clinical covariates. Regression coefficients from Tables 2 and 3 were used for the simple and multivariate adjustment, respectively. Specifically, adjusted LAV was calculated as:
68 + 0.62 LAD3;
42 + 1.32 LAVEllipsoid;
66 + 0.81 LAVPlanimetry;
67 + 0.42 LAD3 + 15 (if male) + 0.44 Age + 34 (if persistent AF) + 14 (if SHD);
49 + 0.98 LAVEllipsoid + 12 (if male) + 0.34 Age + 32 (if persistent AF) + 10 (if SHD);
64 + 0.60 LAVPlanimetry + 18 (if male) + 0.38 Age + 40 (if persistent AF) + 14 (if SHD).
Red line–identity line; black line–regression line. Adj = adjusted. Other abbreviations as in Fig 1.
The poor ability of LAD3, LAVEllipsoid, and LAVPlanimetry to predict LAVCARTO > 130 ml is demonstrated by receiver operating characteristics with mutually different (p < 0.01) areas under the curve (AUC) of 0.80, 0.84, and 0.74, respectively (Fig 5A). Predictive power was improved only modestly (AUC = 0.86, 0.89, and 0.86) after adjustment for clinical covariates (Fig 5B). The AUC for LAVEllipsoid remained the highest and differed significantly from those for LAD3 and LAVPlanimetry (p < 0.01 for both comparisons).
ROC curves are plotted for LAD3 (in blue), LAVEllipsoid (in red) and (3) LAVPlanimetry (in green). Panel A: ROC for raw 2D-ECHO-based LAV. Panel B: ROC for multivariately adjusted 2D-ECHO-based LAV (the adjustment was the same as in Fig 4). Points corresponding to 2D-ECHO-based LAV > 130 ml are indicated by arrows. AUC—area under the curve; other abbreviations as in Fig 1.
Discussion
The study performed in a relatively large, real-world population of patients with non-valvular AF confirmed substantial disagreement between LAV assessed by 2D-ECHO methods and reference LAV obtained by 3D electroanatomic mapping. The major finding of the study is that this disagreement was influenced by LA enlargement itself, gender, age, type of AF, and presence of SHD. Moreover, the impact of these factors was consistent for all 2D-ECHO-based LAV indices. Corresponding adjustment of echocardiographic indices resulted in improvement of their accuracy and precision. LAVEllipsoid had the largest systematic deviation from LAVCARTO but offered the narrowest limits of agreement and, consequently, provided the best concordance with LAVCARTO either after simple or multivariate adjustment.
The disagreement between LA size measures by different methods is not a novel observation. As CT, MRI or 3D-ECHO has improved understanding of the LA as an asymmetrically shaped 3D structure [9–12], the sphericity assumption in echocardiographic measurements results in underestimation of true the LAV by M-mode or 2D-ECHO estimates of LA size [6–8, 11], especially when atria are enlarged [8]. Apart from dilatation, atrial remodelling in patients with persistent AF or SHD is associated with a change of LA shape, which renders the standard geometric models even more inadequate. Such changes include, for example, a trapezoidal LA shape [17], enlargement of the pulmonary vein antrum dimension [18], LA roof re-shaping [19], dilatation of the anterior part of the LA [20], and spherical deformation of the LA [21]. Age and gender may also play a role in the degree of atrial remodelling leading to inaccuracy of standard geometric models. For example, the LAD measured in M-mode progressively increased with age, but was not followed by a change in echocardiographically assessed LAV until the age of 80 years [22], providing evidence that the LA changes shape during life [23]. The LAD was smaller in women than in men, but sex-related differences in any indices of LA morphology [22] or indexed LAV [23] were not identified.
It could be expected that the lack of constant proportion between the major axes in remodelled and enlarged LA more likely affects LA size parameters based on single-dimensional measurement, i.e. M-mode antero-posterior diameter. Our data, however, showed that none of analyzed parameters was associated with clearly superior agreement with CARTO-derived LAV. Although the prolate-ellipsoid method based on composition of three linear dimensions provided modestly higher precision (better correlation with LAVCARTO and, consequently, better prediction of LA enlargement) than LAVPlanimetry and LAD3, the LAVEllipsoid demonstrated the lowest accuracy (the largest underestimation) of LAVCARTO. This is in agreement with previous studies systematically reporting smaller LAV assessed by the prolate-ellipsoid method compared with 2D-ECHO planimetry or 3D-ECHO [8, 22, 24]. The novel chamber quantification guidelines discuss different methods available for measurement of LA volumes [7]. The document recommends the disk summation algorithm for LA size estimation, which was not used in our study. The biplane area-length method provided small additional accuracy compared to the single plane method in a 3D-ECHO study [8]. Moreover, strong correlations and negligible bias were found between LAV measured by single-plane area-length method in the apical 4-chamber view and the biplane method (r = 0.97) [5]. Single-plane apical four chamber LA volumes were smaller than biplane volumes by 2 to 4 mL only [7]. Even the well-validated biplane 2D-based methods systematically underestimated LAV when compared with 3D-ECHO, MRI or CT [11, 12]. We therefore speculate that biplane LAV assessment would not likely improve the correspondence between 2D-ECHO indices and CARTO-derived LAV in our study significantly. Previous study reported excellent correlation (r = 0.9) between CARTO-derived and the biplane disc-method LAV which was systematically smaller (by 20–30%) than 2D-ECHO [14]. This was, however, a single center study in a relatively small number of patients with paroxysmal AF only. Our three-center study included a larger population with clinical characteristics better corresponding to contemporary patients undergoing catheter ablation for AF; in particular, our patients had a considerably wider range of LA size. It is likely that not only different methods for 2D-ECHO LAV assessment, but also dissimilar study design are responsible for the differences between the results of this and our study.
We considered a CARTO-derived LAV instead of CT as the reference LAV measure in our study because CT imaging was not available in 24% of patients. High level of correspondence between LA CARTO map and CT-assessed LA anatomy was already demonstrated [13]. LAV assessment by electroanatomic mapping has also been shown to have reasonable agreement with LAV assessed by intra-procedural 3D cone-beam CT angiogram [25] in one small study. In our study, high-density, point-by point electroanatomic maps were created by experienced operators. When CT image integration was performed (76%), it invariably exhibited excellent spatial agreement between CARTO maps and CT images. This warrants the utility of 3D-mapping-derived LAV as a reference measure. In case of high-density 3D electroanatomic mapping, individual inaccuracies in the location of individual points due to respiration or irregular heart rhythm are mutually cancelled.
On the other hand, echocardiographic assessment is patient-dependent (for example, poor window) and observer-dependent, with the need for appropriate angulation and gain adjustment for clear visualization of the LA endocardium including pulmonary vein confluences and the LA appendage, proper end-systolic timing for diameter measurement and correct identification of the long axis view [5, 24]. For asymmetrical structures, the feasible view for the diameter or area reading does not necessarily correspond to the optimum plane. Limited resolution of 2D-ECHO, precision of border detection and the ability to include trabeculae might contribute to low accuracy of 2D-ECHO in comparison to 3D methods. For all of these reasons, we believe that the disagreement between methods of LAV assessment is predominantly due to inherent inaccuracy of 2D-ECHO methods.
The 3D-echocardiography was not easily available at the time when data collection for this study had been initiated. Such advanced echocardiographic technology might improve the accuracy of LAV readings. Despite advantages in 3D-ECHO, however, the lack of a standardized methodology and limited normative data prevent 3D-ECHO from the routine use for LA size quantification [7]. Moreover, an underestimation of CARTO-derived LAV by 3D-ECHO has been also demonstrated [15].
Study limitations
The study has several limitations. First, it was not prospectively designed and the data collection was not independently monitored. Second, centers did not contribute equally to the total study population and some imbalance in patients characteristics also appeared among centers. Third, biplane-disc methods were not used in our study, so we could not analyze the potential benefit from biplane compared to single plane assessment of LAV in terms of accuracy and precision. Fourth, proposed equations for adjustment of ECHO-based LAV were not validated in independent population. Finally, the results cannot be probably translated to general population of cardiac patients as well as to patients with valvular AF.
Conclusions
The substantial disagreement between 2D-ECHO-based LAV and LAV obtained by 3D electroanatomic mapping in patients with non-valvular AF was confirmed. The disagreement can be attributed to both non-spherical LA shape and echocardiographic measurement error. Inaccuracy of 2D-ECHO-based LAV is predominantly driven by the magnitude of LA enlargement. Precision can be improved by adjustment for simple clinical covariates. Because considerable disagreement still exists even after multivariate confounders are taken into account, the relevance of 2D-ECHO-based LA size indices for selection of suitable catheter ablation candidates should be considered with caution. Especially in patients with dilated LA, unadjusted 2D-ECHO-based LAV significantly underestimated the true LAV.
Acknowledgments
The study was supported by PRVOUK-P35/LF1/5 and by project reg. no. CZ.2.16/3.1.00/21565 from OP Prague Competitiveness. We thank Barbara A. Danek for proofreading and editing assistance.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: SH MF AB DW. Performed the experiments: SH MF AB L. Sknouril MD VB ZF L. Souckova. Analyzed the data: SH TP JS AL DW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: TP JS AL DW. Wrote the paper: SH TP JS AL DW. Statistics: SH MF AB JS DW. Critical revision and approval of manuscript: MF AB L. Sknouril MD VB ZF L. Souckova TP JS AL DW.
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