Figures
Abstract
Objectives
To investigate the impact of preoperative hydronephrosis and flank pain on prognosis of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma.
Methods
In total, 472 patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma managed by radical nephroureterectomy were included from Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital Healthcare System. Clinicopathological data were collected retrospectively for analysis. The significance of hydronephrosis, especially when combined with flank pain, and other relevant factors on overall and cancer-specific survival were evaluated.
Results
Of the 472 patients, 292 (62%) had preoperative hydronephrosis and 121 (26%) presented with flank pain. Preoperative hydronephrosis was significantly associated with age, hematuria, flank pain, tumor location, and pathological tumor stage. Concurrent presence of hydronephrosis and flank pain was a significant predictor of non-organ-confined disease (multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio = 2.10, P = 0.025). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed significantly poorer overall and cancer-specific survival in patients with preoperative hydronephrosis (P = 0.005 and P = 0.026, respectively) and in patients with flank pain (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively) than those without. However, only simultaneous hydronephrosis and flank pain independently predicted adverse outcome (hazard ratio = 1.98, P = 0.016 for overall survival and hazard ratio = 1.87, P = 0.036 for and cancer-specific survival, respectively) in multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. In addition, concurrent presence of hydronephrosis and flank pain was also significantly predictive of worse survival in patient with high grade or muscle-invasive disease. Notably, there was no difference in survival between patients with hydronephrosis but devoid of flank pain and those without hydronephrosis.
Conclusion
Concurrent preoperative presence of hydronephrosis and flank pain predicted non-organ-confined status of upper tract urothelial carcinoma. When accompanied with flank pain, hydronephrosis represented an independent predictor for worse outcome in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma.
Citation: Yeh H-C, Jan H-C, Wu W-J, Li C-C, Li W-M, Ke H-L, et al. (2015) Concurrent Preoperative Presence of Hydronephrosis and Flank Pain Independently Predicts Worse Outcome of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. PLoS ONE 10(10): e0139624. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139624
Editor: Olorunseun Ogunwobi, Hunter College of The City University of New York, UNITED STATES
Received: May 23, 2015; Accepted: September 14, 2015; Published: October 15, 2015
Copyright: © 2015 Yeh et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper.
Funding: This study was supported by Kaohsiung Medical University “Aim for the Top Universities Grant, grant No. KMU-TP103E19, KMU-TP103G00, KMU-TP103G01, KMU-TP103G04, KMU-TP103G05”, and a grant from the health and welfare surcharge of tobacco products, Ministry of Health and Welfare (MOHW104-TDU-B-212-124-003). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; CSS, cancer-specific survival; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LN, lymph node; NOC, non-organ-confined; OS, overall survival; pT, pathological tumor stage; UTUC, upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma
Introduction
Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC), including tumor from urothelium of renal pelvis and ureter, is a rare malignancy. UTUC accounts for approximately 5–10% of all urothelial tumors, with an estimated incidence of 2.08 cases per 100,000 person-years in the United States [1], while the incidence of UTUC in Taiwan is as high as 30% of all urothelial carcinomas [2,3], which is obviously higher than that worldwide. The gold standard management for UTUC is radical nephroureterectomy due to its high recurrence rate in the remaining upper tract [4]. Additional regional lymphadenectomy and neoadjuvant chemotherapy should be considered in patients with high risk disease. Conversely, more conservative approaches may be applied in patients with low risk disease, such as endoscopic ablation or segmental resection [4–6].
Several powerful prognostic factors for UTUC have been identified, including pathological tumor stage (pT), tumor grade, lymph node (LN) involvement, and lymphovascular invasion. These factors predict disease outcome and therefore are helpful in providing proper therapeutic strategy for patients with UTUC according to their risk of progression. However, most of them were obtained postoperatively [7]. Prognostic factors that are routinely acquired in the preoperative setting, like hydronephrosis and flank pain, can even be more valuable since they afford additional information before surgery. Patients with adverse preoperative features may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy when both renal units are in place [8].
Previous studies have confirmed the concept that preoperative hydronephrosis is predictive for advanced pT in UTUC [9–13]. With regard to survival, many studies have proven the negative impact of preoperative hydronephrosis in univariate analyses [14–17]. However, results of preoperative hydronephrosis as an independent prognostic factor of UTUC in multivariate analyses were discrepant [14,15,17]. Therefore, further evaluation of the role of hydronephrosis in UTUC is certainly required. In addition, although Cho et al. reported that grade of hydronephrosis is correlated with pT in patients with ureteral cancer [18], the ensuing studies have demonstrated that high grade hydronephrosis alone is not a reliable factor for disease progression and outcome in either ureteral cancer or UTUC [10,11,19,20].
Clinically, hydronephrosis and flank pain are highly correlated. Sudden occurrence of hydronephrosis can result in intense pain in the flank area. In contrast, gradual development of hydronephrosis will generally cause dull pain with no attacks of renal colic. Ataus et al. noticed that UTUC patients presenting with flank pain had significantly poorer outcome compared to those with hematuria or bladder tumor [21]. Besides, Inman et al. observed that the presence of constitutional symptoms such as flank pain or weight loss was associated with poor overall survival (OS) in patients with UTUC [22].
Flank pain in UTUC is believed to be secondary to hydronephrotic distension or related to local tumor mass effect. In previous studies, preoperative hydronephrosis has never been combined with related symptoms to evaluate outcome of UTUC. Therefore, in this retrospective study, we aimed to investigate this issue by analyzing the influence of preoperative hydronephrosis and flank pain at the same time on predicting non-organ-confined (NOC) status, OS, and cancer-specific survival (CSS) of UTUC.
Materials and Methods
This study included 472 patients who underwent radical nephroureterectomy for UTUC at Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital Healthcare System between 1991 and 2013. This research was approved by the Institute Review Board of the Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (KMUH-IRB-20120138). All patient records were anonymized and de-identified prior to analysis. Patients were not recruited into this study if they did not receive radical surgery, had evidence of metastasis at diagnosis, or died within 14 days after surgery. Dilatation of renal pelvis and calyx was determined by renal ultrasonography, computed tomography, or intravenous pyelography. As previously described, any degree of renal collecting dilatation was defined as hydronephrosis [23]. We excluded patients whose hydronephrosis was not caused by tumor, such as urolithiasis or stricture. The intensity of flank pain was determined by verbal descriptor scale, i.e. no, slight, mild, moderate, and severe pain. Patients were regarded to have cancer-related flank pain if the pain was moderate to severe and developed at the same side of UTUC based on their own complaints from medical record reviews. Those with mild pain or ill-defined, nonspecific lumbago were considered to have no flank pain. Tumors were staged according to AJCC TNM classification, 7th edition and graded using the 2004 WHO/International Society of Urologic Pathology consensus classification. All cases formerly graded by three-grade WHO system were reviewed by two pathologists and were re-classified as low or high grade according to the 2004 WHO classification. In brief, low grade tumors are evenly distributed and have uniform nuclei, mild increase of nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, fine chromatin, and rare mitoses. In contrast, high grade tumors tend to show irregular distribution of tumor cells, presence of pleomorphic nuclei, coarse chromatin, and frequent mitoses. Other clinicopathological parameters were also recorded for analysis, including age, gender, smoking, preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), surgery method, tumor location (renal pelvis, ureter, or synchronous), pT, tumor grade, LN involvement, and adjuvant chemotherapy. eGFR was calculated with the MDRD study equation: 186 × (serum creatinine)-1.154 × (age)-0.203 × (0.742 if female) [24]. Patients were considered to have chronic kidney disease (CKD) if they had an eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 or received regular dialysis. Regular cystoscopy, urine cytology and periodic imaging studies were mandated postoperatively in every patient following institutional guideline. In the first 2 years after radical surgery, patients were followed every 3 months, then every 6 months in the next 2 years, and annually thereafter.
Demographic and clinicopathological factors were categorized and compared between patients with and without preoperative hydronephrosis using chi-square test. Kaplan–Meier method was applied to analyze OS and CSS, and the significant differences of which were determined by the log-rank test. Preoperative parameters and potential prognostic factors were enrolled into univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models to identify predictors of NOC disease (≥ pT3 and/or positive LN) and survival, respectively. Since hydronephrosis and flank pain were closely related, we divided patients into four groups (those without hydronephrosis and flank pain, those with flank pain but no hydronephrosis, those with hydronephrosis but free from flank pain, and those with both hydronephrosis and flank pain) to realize the respective effect of hydronephrosis and flank pain on prognosis. SPSS software program (version 19.0; SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical tests. All P values were two-sided, and < 0.05 was considered significant.
Results
Patients’ Clinicopathological Characteristics
The clinicopathological characteristics of 472 patients were listed in Table 1. There were 204 males and 268 females, with a median age of 67 years. The mean (median; SD) follow-up was 48.6 (33; 46.4) months (range: 1–233). In this cohort, 121 (26%) and 399 (85%) patients presented with flank pain and hematuria, respectively. Radical surgery was performed with open method in 269 (57%), while the remaining was operated laparoscopically. Three hundred and sixteen (67%) had an eGFR less than 60 (ml/min/1.73m2) and 87 (18%) received adjuvant chemotherapy. One hundred and eighty-nine (40%) tumors were located in the renal pelvis, 193 (41%) in the ureter, and 90 (19%) in both locations. As for pathological features, the stage distribution of UTUC was pTa/Tis, pT1, pT2, pT3, and pT4 in 60 (13%), 130 (27%), 112 (24%), 142 (30%), and 28 (6%) respectively. Forty-one (9%) patients had LN metastasis, and 360 (76%) had high grade tumor. UTUC patients were divided into two groups based on the presence of preoperative hydronephrosis (Table 1). Two hundred and ninety-two patients (62%) had hydronephrosis preoperatively, and 180 (38%) did not. Preoperative hydronephrosis was significantly associated with age (P = 0.016), hematuria (P < 0.001), flank pain (P = 0.002), tumor location (P < 0.001), and pT (P = 0.041).
Predictors of NOC Disease in Preoperative Model
In total, 36.7% (173/472) had NOC disease. Among them, 68% (118/173) had preoperative hydronephrosis and 32% (55/173) had flank pain. In the model to predict NOC disease before surgery, both univariate and multivariate analyses showed that male gender (P = 0.019 and 0.045, respectively), synchronous tumor location (P = 0.005 and = 0.034, respectively), absence of hematuria (P = 0.001 and 0.010, respectively), and simultaneous presence of hydronephrosis and flank pain (P = 0.003 and 0.025, respectively) were significant predictors (Table 2).
Survival Analysis
During follow-up, 121 patients died of UTUC, 18 expired due to other causes, and 145 were assessed at 5 years to calculate survival. By Kaplan-Meier method, the 5-year OS and CSS were 64.2% and 69.2% in patients with preoperative hydronephrosis, compared to 75.5% and 77.1% in those without hydronephrosis (Fig 1A, P = 0.005 for OS and Fig 1B, P = 0.026 for CSS, respectively). The mean OS of patients with and without hydronephrosis was 106.17 and 125.62 months, with a difference of 19.45 months. The difference of mean CSS between the two groups was also clinically meaningful (11.42 months). Similarly, patients with flank pain also had worse outcome than those without (Fig 2A, P < 0.001 for OS and Fig 2B, P = 0.001 for CSS, respectively). When patients were stratified by the presence of hydronephrosis and/or flank pain, Kaplan-Meier curves indicated an obvious survival decline in patients with concurrent hydronephrosis and flank pain but not in other 3 groups (Fig 3A and 3B, both P < 0.001). The differences of mean OS and CSS between those with and without symptomatic hydronephrosis were even more marked (5.48 and 5.40 years, respectively). Interestingly, survival rates were similar among patients with hydronephrosis alone, flank pain alone, and those without hydronephrosis and flank pain.
As different molecular features may exist in UTUC patients based on tumor grade and stage, we attempted to analyze the effect of symptomatic hydronephrosis on survival between different pathological features. There was no difference in OS and CSS according to the presence of symptomatic hydronephrosis in low grade or non-muscle-invasive UTUC. However, in high grade UTUC, patients with concurrent hydronephrosis and flank pain had a significantly poorer OS and CSS (Fig 4A and 4B, both P < 0.001). The adverse outcome was also observed in patients with muscle-invasive disease (Fig 5A and 5B, both P < 0.001). These findings indicated that the presence of symptomatic hydronephrosis could identify a subset of patients with worse prognosis in high grade or high stage UTUC.
In Table 3, the univariate analysis revealed that OS was significantly associated with age (P = 0.015), preoperative eGFR (P = 0.041), tumor location (P = 0.032), pT (P < 0.001), LN involvement (P < 0.001), tumor grade (P < 0.001), adjuvant chemotherapy (P < 0.001), hematuria (P = 0.002), and simultaneous presence of hydronephrosis and flank pain (P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, in addition to aging (P = 0.012), poor preoperative eGFR (P = 0.030), advanced pT (P < 0.001), and LN metastasis (P = 0.002), simultaneous presence of hydronephrosis and flank pain was an independent predictor for worse OS (HR = 1.98, 95% CI = 1.137–3.433, P = 0.016). The significant factors for CSS in the multivariate analysis were identical to those for OS.
Discussion
UTUC is a rare malignant tumor in the urinary system worldwide. Common clinical presentations of UTUC include hematuria, flank pain, and hydronephrosis. Previous investigations have reported that approximately 70–80% of UTUC patients present with hematuria, 20–40% with flank pain [4,25], and 50–67% with preoperative hydronephrosis [13,15–17,26]. Current strategies for preoperative risk stratification for UTUC include ureteroscopic biopsy, cytology, and modern imaging techniques, but these methods still have limitations. It is important to identify significant prognosticators for better prediction on disease outcome before surgery to facilitate more appropriate individualized treatment. In recent years, a number of studies have been focusing on whether preoperative hydronephrosis has predictive potential for adverse disease features or even survival in patients with UTUC.
The characteristics from this cohort were comparable to other studies concerning mean age, tumor location, and prevalence of preoperative hydronephrosis. Regarding gender distribution in UTUC, our population showed a slight female predominance (male-female ratio = 1:1.31), which was in accordance with other Taiwanese studies but different from those in other countries [3,27]. In this study, 316 (67%) had CKD prior to the diagnosis of UTUC. The fact that over 50% patients with UTUC had CKD was also similar to previous Taiwanese studies [2,27].
In our analysis, we found that preoperative hydronephrosis in patients with UTUC was associated with age, hematuria, flank pain, tumor location and pT. Consistent with previous studies [10,13,14,16,28,29], ureteral tumors had higher prevalence of hydronephrosis than pyelocaliceal tumors (75% vs 47%). Most of the previous studies confirmed the predictive value of hydronephrosis on adverse features of UTUC. Messer et al. reported that preoperative hydronephrosis can predict muscle-invasive, NOC, and high grade UTUC [13]. Results from other studies were similar, showing that hydronephrosis was associated with worse pathological characteristics of UTUC [10,11,18–20]. In multivariate analysis of our study, absence of hematuria, concurrent presence of hydronephrosis and flank pain, tumor location, and male gender were significantly correlated with NOC disease. A recent Chinese study has also demonstrated that males and patients with pyelocaliceal tumors are at higher risk of advanced tumor stage than females and those with ureteral tumors, respectively [12].
However, most studies did not validate the independently prognostic role of hydronephrosis in UTUC. For Sakano et al. and Morizane et al., hydronephrosis was significantly associated with CSS only in univariate analysis but not in multivariate model [15,17]. Ng et al demonstrated that the prognostic effect of hydronephrosis was associated with CSS in the preoperative model, in which only limited confounding variables were adjusted. The significance of hydronephrosis for survival disappeared in the postoperative model after correcting crucial pathological features [11]. In a study by Bozzini et al, preoperative hydronephrosis was not associated with survival in univariate analysis and was predictive for OS and metastasis-free survival merely in the pyelocaliceal tumors [14]. Only one cohort of 217 patients indicated that hydronephrosis was an independent risk factor for CSS in multivariate analysis [16].
There were limited data concerning whether flank pain is associated with oncologic outcomes in patients with UTUC. Only three previous studies evaluated the effect of flank pain on UTUC with small case numbers, and two of them suggested its predictive role on outcome [21,22]. Raman et al. incorporated flank pain, hematuria, and palpable mass as local symptoms of UTUC and found that local symptoms were not associated to prognosis [30]. However, since Ataus et al. has shown that patients with flank pain had worse survival than those with hematuria [21], we believed it is more reasonable to evaluate each symptom separately. Indeed, our results showed conflicting impacts of flank pain and hematuria on prognosis. Presence of flank pain and lack of hematuria may imply advanced disease status, and the marginal protective effect of hematuria on outcome was possibly related to earlier diagnosis.
In our study, preoperative hydronephrosis was significantly correlated with OS and CSS in univariate analysis, but its prognostic impact vanished in multivariate analysis. By taking the presence of flank pain into consideration, we found that concurrent presence of preoperative hydronephrosis and flank pain was significantly associated with OS and CSS in multivariate analysis and denoted a 1.98- and 1.87-fold increase in the risk of overall and cancer-specific death. The independently prognostic effect of symptomatic hydronephrosis is of value in the preoperative setting to achieve better clinical decision making. For example, tumor grade assessed by ureteroscopic biopsy provides important information before radical surgery. According to our results, the presence of symptomatic hydronephrosis can further refine the treatment strategy in patients with high grade UTUC.
Another contribution of this study was that we might explain why there are diversities in the effect of preoperative hydronephrosis on prognosis in previous reports. When patients with preoperative hydronephrosis were dichotomized by the presence of flank pain, the outcome between the two groups was significantly different. As mentioned earlier, patients with symptomatic hydronephrosis did have worse OS and CSS compared to patients without preoperative hydronephrosis or flank pain. However, patients with preoperative hydronephrosis but devoid of flank pain had similar survival as those without hydronephrosis. While no previous study has stratified preoperative hydronephrosis by the presence of flank pain, the effects of hydronephrosis on survival varied consequently.
It has been mentioned that obstruction in the urinary tract is the actual prognostic factor of UTUC [14]. When combined with flank pain, hydronephrosis may be more representative of real obstruction with resultant poor outcome. It was unclear why asymptomatic hydronephrosis would not lead to worse survival than those without hydronephrosis. One possible reason is asymptomatic hydronephrosis may imply that tumor is less aggressive and develops more slowly, thus not causing local flank pain.
There were several limitations in this study. First, the data were collected retrospectively. Second, the patients were treated by different physicians over the period of time. Third, we were unable to evaluate flank pain in exact quantity from patients’ subjective complaints. Fourth, we did not include other preoperative variables which may contribute to risk stratification before surgery, such as urinary cytology, endoscopic findings, or radiographic features. Nevertheless, to our limited knowledge, the effect of preoperative hydronephrosis and flank pain has never been assessed together before. This is the first study to demonstrate its excellent prognostic value, and the novel finding can further assist in individualized treatment strategies in patients with UTUC.
In conclusion, preoperative hydronephrosis and flank pain are useful in predicting advanced UTUC. Compared to preoperative hydronephrosis alone, simultaneous presence of hydronephrosis and flank pain more reliably predicts adverse survival and serve as an independent prognosticator for patients with UTUC.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: HCJ HCY. Performed the experiments: WML HLK SFY PIL. Analyzed the data: HCJ HCY. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CNH WJW CCL SPH YCL CCL. Wrote the paper: HCJ HCY CNH WJW.
References
- 1. Raman JD, Messer J, Sielatycki JA, Hollenbeak CS. Incidence and survival of patients with carcinoma of the ureter and renal pelvis in the USA, 1973–2005. BJU Int. 2011;107:1059–64. pmid:20825397
- 2. Yang MH, Chen KK, Yen CC, Wang WS, Chang YH, Huang WJ, et al. Unusually high incidence of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma in Taiwan. Urology. 2002;59:681–7. pmid:11992840
- 3. Chou YH, Huang CH. Unusual clinical presentation of upper urothelial carcinoma in Taiwan. Cancer 1999;85:1342–4. pmid:10189140
- 4. Rouprêt M, Babjuk M, Compérat E, Zigeuner R, Sylvester R, Burger M, et al. European guidelines on upper tract urothelial carcinomas: 2013 update. Eur Urol. 2013;63:1059–71. pmid:23540953
- 5. Gurbuz C, Youssef RF, Shariat SF, Lotan Y, Wood CG, Sagalowsky AI, et al. The impact of previous ureteroscopic tumor ablation on oncologic outcomes after radical nephrouretectomy for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. J Endourol. 2011;25:775–9. pmid:21388245
- 6. Margulis V, Shariat SF, Matin SF, Kamat AM, Zigeuner R, Kikuchi E, et al. Outcomes of radical nephroureterectomy: a series from the Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Collaboration. Cancer. 2009;115:1224–33. pmid:19156917
- 7. Chromecki TF, Bensalah K, Remzi M, Verhoest G, Cha EK, Scherr DS, et al. Prognostic factors for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. Nat Rev Urol. 2011;8:440–7. pmid:21727942
- 8. Matin SF, Margulis V, Kamat A, Wood CG, Grossman HB, Brown GA, et al. Incidence of downstaging and complete remission after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for high-risk upper tract transitional cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2010;116:3127–34. pmid:20564621
- 9. Brien JC, Shariat SF, Herman MP, Ng CK, Scherr DS, Scoll B, et al. Preoperative hydronephrosis, ureteroscopic biopsy grade and urinary cytology can improve prediction of advanced upper tract urothelial carcinoma. J Urol. 2010;184:69–73. pmid:20478585
- 10. Ito Y, Kikuchi E, Tanaka N, Miyajima A, Mikami S, Jinzaki M, et al. Preoperative hydronephrosis grade independently predicts worse pathological outcomes in patients undergoing nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma. J Urol 2011;185:1621–6. pmid:21419429
- 11. Ng CK, Shariat SF, Lucas SM, Bagrodia A, Lotan Y, Scherr DS, et al. Does the presence of hydronephrosis on preoperative axial CT imaging predict worse outcomes for patients undergoing nephroureterectomy for upper-tract urothelial carcinoma? Urol Oncol. 2011;29:27–32. pmid:19117771
- 12. Chen XP, Xiong GY, Li XS, Matin SF, Garcia M, Fang D, et al. Predictive factors for worse pathological outcomes of upper tract urothelial carcinoma: experience from a nationwide high-volume centre in China. BJU Int. 2013;112:917–24. pmid:23905945
- 13. Messer JC, Terrell JD, Herman MP, Ng CK, Scherr DS, Scoll B, et al. Multi-institutional validation of the ability of preoperative hydronephrosis to predict advanced pathologic tumor stage in upper-tract urothelial carcinoma. Urol Oncol. 2013;31:904–8. pmid:21906967
- 14. Bozzini G, Nison L, Colin P, Ouzzane A, Yates DR, Audenet F, et al. Influence of preoperative hydronephrosis on the outcome of urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract after nephroureterectomy: the results from a multi-institutional French cohort. World J Urol. 2013;31:83–91. pmid:23064982
- 15. Sakano S, Matsuyama H, Kamiryo Y, Hayashida S, Yamamoto N, Kaneda Y, et al. Risk Group Stratification Based on Preoperative Factors to Predict Survival after Nephroureterectomy in Patients with Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2013;20:4389–96. pmid:24046115
- 16. Zhang X, Zhu Z, Zhong S, Xu T, Shen Z. Ureteral tumors showing a worse prognosis than renal pelvis tumors may be attributed to ureteral tumors more likely to have hydronephrosis and less likely to have haematuria. World J Urol. 2013;31:155–60. pmid:22614444
- 17. Morizane S, Iwamoto H, Masago T, Yao A, Isoyama T, Sejima T, et al. Preoperative prognostic factors after radical nephroureterectomy in patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. Int Urol Nephrol. 2013;45:99–106. pmid:23229166
- 18. Cho KS, Hong SJ, Cho NH, Choi YD. Grade of hydronephrosis and tumor diameter as preoperative prognostic factors in ureteral transitional cell carcinoma. Urology. 2007;70:662–6. pmid:17991533
- 19. Luo HL, Kang CH, Chen YT, Chuang YC, Lee WC, Cheng YT, et al. Severity of hydronephrosis correlates with tumor invasiveness and urinary bladder recurrence of ureteric cancer. BJU Int. 2013;112:489–94. pmid:23745568
- 20. Chung PH, Krabbe LM, Darwish OM, Westerman ME, Bagrodia A, Gayed BA, et al. Degree of hydronephrosis predicts adverse pathological features and worse oncologic outcomes in patients with high-grade urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. Urol Oncol. 2014;32:981–8. pmid:25022858
- 21. Ataus S, Onal B, Tunc B, Erozenci A, Cekmen A, Kural AR, et al. Factors affecting the survival of patients treated by standard nephroureterectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. Int Urol Nephrol. 2006;38:9–13. pmid:16502046
- 22. Inman BA, Tran VT, Fradet Y, Lacombe L. Carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: predictors of survival and competing causes of mortality. Cancer. 2009;115:2853–62. pmid:19434668
- 23. Stimson CJ, Cookson MS, Barocas DA, Clark PE, Humphrey JE, Patel SG, et al. Preoperative hydronephrosis predicts extravesical and node positive disease in patients undergoing cystectomy for bladder cancer. J Urol. 2010;183:1732–7. pmid:20299043
- 24. Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, Greene T, Rogers N, Roth D. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130:461–70. pmid:10075613
- 25. Hall MC, Womack S, Sagalowsky AI, Carmody T, Erickstad MD, Roehrborn CG. Prognostic factors, recurrence, and survival in transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: a 30-year experience in 252 patients. Urology. 1998;52:594–601. pmid:9763077
- 26. Hoshino K, Kikuchi E, Tanaka N, Akita H, Ito Y, Miyajima A, et al. Preoperative hydronephrosis: independent predictor for changes in renal function following nephroureterectomy. Japanese J Clin Oncol. 2012;42:202–7. pmid:22246718
- 27. Chen CY, Liao YM, Tsai WM, Kuo HC. Upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma in eastern Taiwan: high proportion among all urothelial carcinomas and correlation with chronic kidney disease. J Formos Med Assoc. 2007;106:992–8. pmid:18194904
- 28. Favaretto RL, Shariat SF, Chade DC, Godoy G, Adamy A, Kaag M, et al. The effect of tumor location on prognosis in patients treated with radical nephroureterectomy at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Eur Urol. 2010;58:574–80. pmid:20637540
- 29. Hwang I, Jung SI, Nam DH, Hwang EC, Kang TW, Kwon DD, et al. Preoperative hydronephrosis and diabetes mellitus predict poor prognosis in upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. Can Urol Assoc J. 2013;7:E215–20. pmid:23671529
- 30. Raman JD, Shariat SF, Karakiewicz PI, Lotan Y, Sagalowsky AI, Roscigno M, et al. Does preoperative symptom classification impact prognosis in patients with clinically localized upper-tract urothelial carcinoma managed by radical nephroureterectomy? Urol Oncol. 2011;29:716–23. pmid:20056458