http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4564-2931
Figures
Abstract
Objective
To assess in clinical practice the frequency and diagnosis associated with the SS-B-positive/SS-A negative autoantibody profile.
Methods
We analyzed a one-year consecutive population of 624 patients referred by clinicians to the immunology laboratory to investigate anti-SS-A and/or anti-SS-B autoantibodies, who were detected using luminex technology. Data were analyzed for patients with isolated anti-SS-B autoantibodies. The clinical characteristics and diagnosis of connective tissue diseases (CTD) were retrieved according to the international criteria.
Results
Among 1173 sera positive for anti-SS-A and/or anti-SS-B autoantibodies from 624 patients, we identified 84 patients (13.5%) that had isolated anti-SS-B. Among the 75 patients positive for anti-SS-B with known clinical data, 15 were diagnosed with a CTD (20%) including 4 systemic lupus erythematosus (5%), 4 rheumatoid arthritis (5%), 2 idiopathic inflammatory myositis (3%), 1 primary Sjögren’s syndrome pSS (1%), 1 systemic sclerosis (1%), 2 undefined CTD (3%), and 1 mixed CTD (1%). Among the 60 other patients, 18 had non-CTD autoimmune diseases and 42 had non-autoimmune diseases. Within the CTD population, the presence of isolated anti-SS-B was not significantly associated to characteristic indicating a specific syndrome. There was no association between diagnosis of CTD and level of anti-SS-B autoantibodies (p = 0.70). Arthralgia was the more frequent sign and encountered in 10 patients (67%), of whom 3 had arthritis.
Citation: Jardel S, Fabien N, Hot A, Vukusic S, Tebib J, Cottin V, et al. (2017) Isolated positive anti-SS-B autoantibodies are not related to clinical features of systemic autoimmune diseases: Results from a routine population survey. PLoS ONE 12(9): e0185104. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185104
Editor: Masataka Kuwana, Keio University, JAPAN
Received: June 29, 2017; Accepted: September 6, 2017; Published: September 20, 2017
Copyright: © 2017 Jardel et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information file.
Funding: The author received no specific funding for this work.
Competing interests: I have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: Pascal Sève <$10,000 (Abbvie and Novartis) and Vincent Cottin: <$10,000 (personal fees from Actelion, Bayer, Biogen Idec, Boehringer Ingelheim, Gilead, GSK, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, grants from Actelion, Boehringer Ingelheim, GSK, Pfizer, Roche). This does not alter our adherence to PLoS One policies on sharing data and materials. The other authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Anti-SS-A(Ro) and anti-SS-B(La) autoantibodies are encountered in 50 to 70% of patients with primary Sjogren’s Syndrome (pSS) [1], 20–50% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus SLE [2], and 5% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [2]. Two profiles of anti-SS-A/anti-SS-B reactivity are described in pSS, the combined anti-SS-A/anti-SS-B positivity and anti-SS-A positivity alone, with the former being more common than the latter. Patients with pSS and positive for both anti-SS-A and anti-SS-B autoantibodies have more severe glandular involvements and extra-glandular manifestations compared to seronegative patients [1,3]. The value of these autoantibodies in other connective tissue disease (CTD) is still debated. Isolated anti-SS-B positivity was reported as suggestive of cutaneous lupus and pSS in one series of patients [4]. In a recent study, anti-SS-B, with or without anti-SS-A, was significantly associated with lymphoma in patients with pSS [5]. However, a report from an international cohort of 3297 pSS patients questioned the value of isolated anti-SS-B in the description of clinical profile and in morbidity [3], leading to the exclusion of this criteria of the recent pSS classification [6].
The present study was therefore undertaken to assess the frequency and diagnosis associated with isolated SS-B-positive autoantibody profile in a one-year consecutive cohort of 624 patients referred by clinicians to the immunology laboratory for evaluation of such autoantibodies.
Methods
Patient selection
We looked for consecutive positive serum for anti-SS-A autoantibodies and/or anti-SS-B autoantibodies, detected between January 2013 and January 2014 in the laboratory of immunology of the Hospices Civils de Lyon. These samples were mainly referred by in house internists (56%), rheumatologists (16%), nephrologists (9%), neurologists (8%), dermatologists (4%) and pulmonologists (1%). Clinical data were analyzed for patients with isolated anti-SS-B autoantibodies. French observational studies from data obtained from a retrospective study without any additional therapy or monitoring procedure do not need informed consent for the patients as anti-SS-B antibodies were analyzed as part of diagnostic investigation. This work was declared at the Commission Nationale de l'Informatique et des Libertés (CNIL). One author had access to identifying information, but patient records and information were anonymized and de-identified prior to analysis.
Diagnostic criteria for connective tissue disease
Connective tissue diseases were diagnosed according to international criteria. 2012 criteria of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics was used for SLE [7], 2010 classification criteria of the collaborative American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) for RA [8], 2013 classification criteria of the collaborative ACR/EULAR for systemic sclerosis (SSc) [9], Sharp criteria for mixed connective tissue disease [10], revised international criteria of the American-European consensus group for pSS [11], 119th European NeuroMuscular Centre international workshop for idiopathic inflammatory myositis (IIM) [12]. Undifferentiated CTD was diagnosed if objective criteria were present, but not sufficient for the diagnosis of overt CTD, in addition to positive antinuclear autoantibodies (ANA) [13].
Patient analysis and laboratory test
We retrospectively collected clinical and biological data using the database of the Department of Immunology of Hospices Civils de Lyon. Demographic, clinical and biological data were retrieved through a retrospective chart review.
Minor salivary gland biopsy was performed only if there were clinical signs evocative of SS such as xerostomia, and was evaluated by an expert histopathologist. Positive threshold was a focus score>1 [11]. Xerophtalmia was evaluated using the Schirmer’s test, which was positive when inferior to 5 mm in 5 minutes.
Antinuclear autoantibodies were tested by an indirect immunofluorescence technique with HEp2 cells (Biorad, Marnes la Coquette, France). Anti-SS-A and anti-SS-B autoantibodies were analyzed by a Luminex technology with the manufacturer’s threshold of positivity at 1 Antibody Index (AI) (Bioplex 2200, Biorad, Marnes la Coquette, France). Anti-nucleosome, anti-U1-RNP, anti-Sm, and anti-JO1 were analyzed with the same technique. Anti-PM/Scl, anti-PL-7, anti-PL12, anti-EJ, anti-OJ, anti-Mi2, anti-Ku autoantibodies were analyzed using an immunodot technique (Euroimmun, Bussy-St-Martin, France). Anti-fibrillarine autoantiboy was analyzed by UNICAP (Thermofischer, Freiburg, Germany). Anti-double stranded (dsDNA) autoantibodies were detected by radioimmunoassay (Trinity Biotech, Siemens, France). Anti-CCP antibodies and rheumatoid factor (RF) were detected using a Luminex technology (Bioplex) and a nephelometry technique (Dade Behring), respectively.
Data analysis
Baseline characteristic were assessed by descriptive statistics. Continuous variables were compared using t-tests or non-parametric equivalent. Categorical variables were compared using the chi-squared statistic or Fisher’s exact test. For all statistical analyses, p<0.05 was considered significant. Analyses were performed with R (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).
Results
One thousand one hundred and seventy-three sera from 624 patients were positive for anti-SS-A and/or anti-SS-B autoantibodies between January 2013 and January 2014. Two hundred and five patients (32.8%) were positive for both anti-SS-A and anti-SS-B, and 335 (53.7%) were positive for anti-SS-A autoantibodies only. Eighty-four patients (13.5%) were positive only for anti-SS-B autoantibodies. No clinical data was available for 9 patients (Fig 1). The final analysis included 75 patients. The median age of these patients was 50 years (range 3–91 years); and 80% were female.
Clinical data of 75 patients with isolated anti-SS-B autoantibodies
Fifteen adult patients (20%) suffered from CTD with SLE in 4 patients (5%), RA in 4 patients (7%), IIM in 2 patients (3%), pSS in 1 patient (1%), SSc in 1 patient (1%), undefined CTD in 2 patients (3%) and mixed CTD in 1 patient (1%) (Table 1).
Sixty patients (80%) were not diagnosed as CTD (Table 1). Eighteen (24%) had non-CTD autoimmune diseases; 42 patients (56%) were diagnosed as non-autoimmune diseases of whom 23 (31%) had functional disorders without clear general or visceral involvement.
Characteristic of the 15 patients with CTD are presented in Table 2. Arthralgia were the most frequent symptoms in 10 patients (67%), of whom 3 had arthritis, predominantly in SLE and RA patients. Seven patients (47%) had Raynaud's phenomenon. No death occurred during the follow-up.
Among the 4 SLE patients, articular (4 patients) involvement was predominant. One patient had cutaneous involvement. No patient had renal or neurologic manifestations. Three patients were treated by hydroxychloroquine and corticosteroids. One patient was treated by anti-tumor necrosis factor TNF therapy. None of the patients required further immunosuppressive therapy. Two out of 4 were positive for anti-dsDNA autoantibodies, 1 for RF and anti-CCP autoantibodies.
Four cases of RA were diagnosed, with typical symmetric and bilateral arthritis. One RA patient experienced an episode of uncomplicated pericarditis treated by aspirin. All RA patients received methotrexate, 2 were treated with anti-TNF.
The patient with pSS experienced extraglandular manifestations with axonal polyneuropathy. One patient had a dermatomyositis and was positive for anti-U1RNP autoantibodies, and the other one suffering for unclassified IIM had muscular weakness, and creatine kinase elevation, without available muscular biopsy.
One patient had limited cutaneous SSc, positive for anti-centromere autoantibodies. The diagnosis of undefined CTD was retained for 2 patients: one patient had a gestalt evocative of SSc with sclerodactily and interstitial lung disease, another patient presented incomplete SLE encompassing malar rash, Raynaud’s phenomenon, anti-phospholipid autoantibodies, and anti-centromere autoantibodies.
Factors associated with connective tissue disease
Among the 75 patients positive for isolated anti-SS-B autoantibodies, 31 (41%) had positive ANA defined as a titer superior to 1/160. The CTD patients had significantly more ANA than non-CTD patients (87% versus 30%; OR 13.9, 95% CI 2.7–139.7) (Table 3). The fluorescence pattern was diffuse or centromere in 8 (53%) CTD patients. Low titers between 1 and 2 AI of anti-SS-B autoantibodies were detected in both non-CTD (32 [53%] of 60 patients of anti-SS-B) as well as in CTD (9 [60%] of 15 patients) (p = 0.78). CTD diagnosis was correlated with the positivity for other anti-extractable nuclear antigens anti–ENA autoantibodies (3 anti-centromere and 1 anti-U1-RNP), (33% versus 0%, p<0.0005), anti-CCP autoantibodies (27% versus 2%, p = 0.005), anti-dsDNA autoantibodies (20% versus 2%, p = 0.03), and anti-nucleosome autoantibodies (27% versus 0%, p = 0.001). There was no correlation between diagnosis of CTD and level of anti-SS-B autoantibodies (p = 0.70), age (p = 0.51), or sex (p = 0.28). Distribution of anti-SS-B titers according to diagnosis is represented in Fig 2. The area under the curve for the CTD diagnosis according to the level of anti-SS-B antibodies was 0.54 (95%CI 0.36–0.72) by ROC analysis (Fig 3).
Discussion
To our knowledge, our study is the largest consecutively cohort addressing the clinical value of isolated anti-SS-B-positive autoantibodies in daily practice.
Anti-SS-B autoantibodies were initially described invariably accompanied by anti-SS-A autoantibodies [14], and their respective pathogenic role was difficult to ascertain [14]. In the 90’s, a study demonstrated that anti-SS-B autoantibodies had a high diagnostic specificity for Sjögren’s syndrome [15], and the European preliminary classification published in 1993 proposed the presence of anti-SS-A and/or anti SS-B as a diagnostic criteria [16]. In a recent study, anti-SS-B autoantibodies, with or without anti-SS-A, have been significantly associated with the presence of lymphoma in patient with pSS [5]. Nevertheless, the meaning of isolated anti-SS-B autoantibodies is not really clearly demonstrated, neither clinically nor as a prognostic factor.
The prevalence of such isolated autoantibodies among anti-SS-A/SS-B patients can be variable according to the methods of detection [3,17]. We found a prevalence of 12%, which is similar to a previous series using 2 different techniques, i.e immunodiffusion and line immunoassay [4]. It appears therefore that such immunologic situation is not rare, and thus questions about the signification of isolated anti-SS-B autoantibodies in daily clinical practice.
In our study, 40% of patients with isolated anti-SS-B had positive ANA, but patients with CTD had significantly more often positive ANA than patients without CTD. One interpretation could be that anti-SSB sera with a positive ANA had another autoantibody that was not detected by the limited autoantibody analysis performed in this study. We therefore found here that the clinical value of isolated anti-SS-B autoantibodies was strongly related to the positivity of ANA by indirect immunofluorescence technique. By consequence, we can suggest that searching anti-SS-B autoantibodies in case of ANA negativity is not necessary. This was also suggested by a previous study exploring the clinical value of anti-ENA despite negative ANA, using an ELISA technique [18]. This study included 11 patients with isolated anti-SS-B of whom only 2 patients were diagnosed as suffering from CTD, namely pSS. This statement is reinforced by the lack of key phenotypic features in patients with CTD and SS-B positive/SS-A negative auto-antibodies. In fact, our series clearly showed that the presence of isolated anti-SS-B autoantibodies is not associated to any specific diagnosis, general characteristics or organ involvement. Recently, Baer et al [3] published a series of 3297 patients of the Sjögren’s International Collaborative Clinical Alliance SICCA cohort, in which 74 were anti-SS-B alone using the same luminex technique as ours. They showed that participants with anti-SSB alone were comparable to those with negative SS-A/SS-B serology for the SS key phenotypic features. Moreover, and contrary to a previous series with similar design but using an immunodiffusion technique [4], we did not confirm an association between cutaneous lupus or pSS and isolated anti-SS-B autoantibodies. The recent classification of the ACR and American-European Consensus Group for pSS [6] has excluded anti-SS-B autoantibodies positivity. Given the absence of phenotypic feature associated with isolated anti-SS-B autoantibodies, and the low negative and positive likelihood ratio in diagnosis of pSS, our results support this exclusion, as suggested by Baer et al [3].
Our series emanates from a single laboratory of autoimmunity that centrally collects samples from numerous departments of all medical specialties from public university hospitals in Lyon, recruiting from a population of more than 1.4 million inhabitants. Thus, we believe that we were certainly covering all the fields of systemic or organ specific autoimmune diseases. However, our study had some limitations, such as the cross sectional design that might have underscored the estimated prevalence of CTD despite our effort in reclassification after review of medical charts. Indeed, evidence has been reported that patients with undifferentiated CTD and antibodies to SS-A can progress in a relatively short period to overt CTD diseases [19]. The retrospective nature of the study may introduce information bias. Finally, in regards of the low prevalence of visceral involvement in our cohort, we could not exclude that isolated anti-SS-B autoantibodies were a marker of CTD with good prognosis.
In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that the positivity of anti-SS-B using luminex technology, without anti-SS-A autoantibodies, has little association with CTD including pSS in daily clinical practice, especially in case of ANA negativity. Given the lack of predictive value of organ involvement related to CTD and the absence of correlation between anti-SS-B autoantibody titers and CTD diagnosis, the isolated positivity of anti-SS-B autoantibodies does not provide additional clinical support in medical decision. This serological profile must thus not be misinterpreted. The results of the present series advocate in favor of the decision of the Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism Classification Criteria classification to omit anti-SS-B for the diagnosis of pSS.
References
- 1. Fauchais AL, Martel C, Gondran G, Lambert M, Launay D, Jauberteau MO, et al. Immunological profile in primary Sjögren syndrome. Autoimmunity Reviews. Elsevier B.V; 2010 Jul 1;9(9):595–9. pmid:20457283
- 2. López-Longo FJ, Rodríguez-Mahou M, Escalona M, Pérez T, Monteagudo I, Sánchez-Atrio A, et al. Heterogeneity of the anti-Ro(SSA) response in rheumatic diseases. J Rheumatol. 1994 Aug;21(8):1450–6. pmid:7983645
- 3. Baer AN, McAdams DeMarco M, Shiboski SC, Lam MY, Challacombe S, Daniels TE, et al. The SSB-positive/SSA-negative antibody profile is not associated with key phenotypic features of Sjögren's syndrome. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2015 Aug;74(8):1557–61. pmid:25735642
- 4. Peene I, Meheus L, Veys EM, De Keyser F. Diagnostic associations in a large and consecutively identified population positive for anti-SSA and/or anti-SSB: the range of associated diseases differs according to the detailed serotype. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2002 Dec;61(12):1090–4. pmid:12429541
- 5. Quartuccio L, Isola M, Baldini C, Priori R, Bocci EB, Carubbi F, et al. Biomarkers of lymphoma in Sjogren's syndrome and evaluation of the lymphoma risk in prelymphomatous conditions: Results of a multicenter study. Journal of Autoimmunity. Elsevier Ltd; 2014 Jun 1;51(c):75–80.
- 6. Shiboski CH, Shiboski SC, Seror R, Criswell LA, Labetoulle M, Lietman TM, et al. 2016 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism Classification Criteria for Primary Sjögren's Syndrome: A Consensus and Data-Driven Methodology Involving Three International Patient Cohorts. Arthritis & Rheumatology. 2016 Oct 26;69(1):35–45.
- 7. Petri M, Orbai A-M, Alarcón GS, Gordon C, Merrill JT, Fortin PR, et al. Derivation and validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 2012 Jul 27;64(8):2677–86.
- 8. Aletaha D, Neogi T, Silman AJ, Funovits J, Felson DT, Bingham CO, et al. 2010 Rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: an American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2010 Aug 10;69(9):1580–8. pmid:20699241
- 9. van den Hoogen F, Khanna D, Fransen J, Johnson SR, Baron M, Tyndall A, et al. 2013 classification criteria for systemic sclerosis: an American college of rheumatology/European league against rheumatism collaborative initiative. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2013 Nov;72(11):1747–55. pmid:24092682
- 10.
Sharp GC. Diagnostic criteria for classification of MCTD. Sharp GC, Kasukawa R, editors. In: Elsevier, editor. Mixed Connective Tissue Disease and Anti-Nuclear Antibodies; 1987. pp. 23–32.
- 11. Vitali C, Bombardieri S, Jonsson R, Moutsopoulos HM, Alexander EL, Carsons SE, et al. Classification criteria for Sjögren's syndrome: a revised version of the European criteria proposed by the American-European Consensus Group. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2002 Jun;61(6):554–8. pmid:12006334
- 12.
Hoogendijk JE, Amato AA, Lecky BR, Choy EH, Lundberg IE, Rose MR, et al. 119th ENMC international workshop: trial design in adult idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, with the exception of inclusion body myositis, 10–12 October 2003, Naarden, The Netherlands. 2004. pp. 337–45.
- 13. Mosca M, Neri R, Bombardieri S. Undifferentiated connective tissue diseases (UCTD): a review of the literature and a proposal for preliminary classification criteria. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1999 Sep;17(5):615–20. pmid:10544849
- 14.
Keech CL, McCluskey J, Gordon TP. SS-B (La) Autoantibodies. In: Elsevier, editor. Autoantibodies. 1996. pp. 789–96.
- 15. Venables PJ, Shattles W, Pease CT, Ellis JE, Charles PJ, Maini RN. Anti-La (SS-B): a diagnostic criterion for Sjögren's syndrome? Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1989 Mar;7(2):181–4. pmid:2736832
- 16. Vitali C, Bombardieri S, Moutsopoulos HM, Balestrieri G, Bencivelli W, Bernstein RM, et al. Preliminary criteria for the classification of Sjögren's syndrome. Results of a prospective concerted action supported by the European Community. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 1993 Mar;36(3):340–7.
- 17. Infantino M, Bentow C, Seaman A, Benucci M, Atzeni F, Sarzi-Puttini P, et al. Highlights on novel technologies for the detection of antibodies to Ro60, Ro52, and SS-B. Clin Dev Immunol. Hindawi Publishing Corporation; 2013;2013(1):978202–10.
- 18. Davis JM, Moder KG, Homburger HA, Ytterberg SR. Clinical features of 39 patients with antibodies to extractable nuclear antigens despite negative antinuclear antibodies: evidence for autoimmunity including neurologic and connective tissue diseases. Medicine (Baltimore). 2005 Jul;84(4):208–17.
- 19. Cavazzana I, Franceschini F, Belfiore N, Quinzanini M, Caporali R, Calzavara-Pinton P, et al. Undifferentiated connective tissue disease with antibodies to Ro/SSa: clinical features and follow-up of 148 patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2001 Jul;19(4):403–9. pmid:11491495