Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-wzw2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-19T04:51:32.946Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Designing care environments for persons with Alzheimer's disease: visuoperceptual considerations

Part of: Bespoke shallow archive Weizmann

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 February 2008

Gemma MM Jones  and
William J van der Eerden
Gemma MM Jones*
Affiliation:
Spectrum Education, Berkshire, UK
William J van der Eerden
Affiliation:
Verpleeghuis De Driehoven, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
*
Address for correspondence: G Jones, Spectrum Dementia Education, Kingswick House, Sunninghill, Berks, SL5 7BH, UK.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

This article provides information about the projected need for specialist dementia care environments in the United Kingdom. It summarizes the adverse effects of poorly designed environments and acknowledges that, despite a range of residential models, none has been shown or agreed to be the best. It considers current efforts in the UK that might influence future care environments positively.

Type
Neuropsychiatry of old age
Information
Reviews in Clinical Gerontology , Volume 18 , Issue 1 , February 2008 , pp. 13 - 37
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Knapp, M, Prince, M. Dementia UK Report. London, Alzheimer's Society, 2007.Google Scholar
2Improving services and support for people with dementia. London, National Audit Office, July 2007.Google Scholar
3Torrington, J. What has architecture got to do with dementia care? Explorations of the relationship between quality of life and building design in two EQUAL projects. Qual Ageing 2006; 7: 26–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4Joseph, A. Health promotion by design in long-term care settings. Research Summary. Concord CA, The Center For Health Design, 2006. (available at www.healthdesign.org/research/reports/longtermcare.php).Google Scholar
5Sloane, PD, Mitchell, CM, Preisser, J et al. Environmental correlates of resident agitation in Alzheimer's disease special care units. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998; 46: 862–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6Kumpers, S, Mur, I, Hardy, B, van Raak, A, Maarse, H. Integrating dementia care in England and the Netherlands: four comparative local case studies. Health Place 2006; 12: 404–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7Bullock, R, Iliffe, S, Passmore, P. Can we afford not to have integrated dementia services? Age Ageing 2007; 36: 357–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8Ballard, C, Fossey, J, Chithramohan, R et al. Quality of care in private sector and NHS facilities for people with dementia: cross-sectional analysis. BMJ 2001; 323: 426–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9Day, K, Carreon, D, Stump, C. The therapeutic design of environments for people with dementia: a review of the empirical literature. Gerontologist 2000; 40: 397–416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10Care Standards Act. London: The Stationery Office, HMSO, 2000.Google Scholar
11Cantley, C, Wilson, RC. Put yourself in my place; designing and managing care-homes for people with dementia. Bristol: The Policy Press 2002; 117.Google Scholar
12Hogewoning-van der Vossen, A. Living in lifestyle groups in nursing homes: changeover to a psychosocial model of care-giving in dementia. In: Jones, GMM, Miesen, BML eds. Care-giving in dementia, Volume 3. Hove: Brunner Routledge, 2004; 97–118.Google Scholar
13Houweling, H. Een loden last verlicht: ‘Warme Zorg zo goed als thuis’. [Warm care as good as at home]. Lecture Notes. 7th International Congress of Alzheimer's Disease International. Amsterdam, 24 Sept. 1991.Google Scholar
14Marshall, M. Small-scale, domestic style, longstay accommodation for people with dementia. Scotland, University of Stirling, Dementia Services Development Centre, 1993.Google Scholar
15Kane, RA, Lum, TY, Cutler, LJ et al. Resident outcomes in small-house nursing homes: a longitudinal evaluation of the initial Green House Program. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007; 55: 832–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16Van Der Eerden, W, Hagen, T. Alternative approaches to dementia care: a Dutch perspective. Workshop commissioned by the Alzheimer's Society, London, Nov. 20–21, 2007.Google Scholar
17Graeff, C, Noel, E. Assisted living facilities. Keynote lecture at: Blueprint for Ageing. Proceedings from Conference June 1–2, 1995. Claremont Resort & Spa, Oakland, sponsored by: The School of Public Health; The Academic Geriatric Resource Program, University of California, Berkeley CA Centre on Ageing.Google Scholar
18Utton, D. Designing homes for people with dementia. London: Hawker Publications, 2007; 140.Google Scholar
19Drenth, J, Singelenberg, J. Buitengewoon Wonen. Programmas voor kleinschalig wonen met beleiding en zorg. [Programs for small-scale living with guidance and care]. Place of Publication Amsterdam Elsevier, 2001.Google Scholar
20McCracken, AL, Fitzwater, E. The right environment for Alzheimer's: which is better—open versus closed units? Here's how to tailor the answer to the patient. Geriatr Nurs 1989; 10: 293–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21Morgan, D, Stewart, N. High versus low density special care units: impact on the behavior of elderly residents with dementia. Can J Ageing 1998; 7: 143–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22Kane, RA, Lum, TY, Cutler, LJ. Resident outcomes in small-house nursing homes: a longitudinal evaluation of the initial Green House Program. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007; 55: 832–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23Ligthart, S. Casemanagement bij dementia: Aanpak en effecten van casemanagement bij dementie; Een exploratieve studie in het kader van het Landelijk Dementieprogramma. [Case-management of dementia: the approach and effect of case-management in dementia. An explortory study within the National Dementia Program] Kwaliteitsinstituut voor de Gezondheidszorg CBO, 26 Sept. 2006: 79. (available at http://www.dementieprogramma.nl/LDP/Docs/Rapport%20Casemanagement%20bij%20Dementie%20LDP.pdf).Google Scholar
24Belchior, P. Home modifications and universal design. In: Mann, WC ed. Smart technology for ageing, disability and independence; the state of science. NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005; 307–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25Cahill, S, Begley, E, Faulkner, JP, Hagen, I. ‘It gives me a sense of independence’. Findings from Ireland on the use and usefulness of assistive technology for people with dementia. Technol Disabil 2007; 19: 133–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26Chalfont, G. How assistive technology can improve well-being. J Dementia Care 2006; 14: 19–21.Google Scholar
27Lauriks, S, Reinersmann, A, Van Der Roest, HG et al. Review of ICT-based services for identified unmet needs in people with dementia. Ageing Res Rev 2007; 6: 223–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28Lin, CC, Chiu, M, Hsiao, C, Lee, R, Tsai, Y. Wireless health care service system for elderly with dementia. Trans Info Technol Biomed 2006; 10: 696–704.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29Meiland, FJ, Reinersmann, A, Bergvall-Kåreborn, B. et al. COGKNOW: Development of an ICT device to support people with dementia. J Inf Technol Healthcare 2007; 5: 324–34.Google Scholar
30Hughes, JC. Electronic tagging of people with dementia who wander. BMJ 2002; 325: 847–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31Miskelly, F. A novel system of electronic tagging in patients with dementia and wandering. Age Ageing 2004; 33: 304–06.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32Greiner, C. Feasibility study of the integrated circuit tag-monitoring system for dementia residents in Japan. Am J Alzheimer's Dis Other Dem 2007; 22: 129–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33Reuters News Release, Dec. 27, 2007, 9: 45am EST. UK Alzheimer's Society backs tracking devices. (available at http://www.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idUSPAR75352520071227?feedType=RSS&feedName=technologyNews).Google Scholar
34Hertogh, C. Between autonomy and security: ethical questions in the care of elderly persons with dementia in nursing homes. In: Jones, GMM, Miesen, BML eds. Care-giving in dementia, Volume 3. Hove: Brunner Routledge, 2004: 377–90.Google Scholar
35Hertogh, C. Autonomy, competence and advance directives: the physician proposes, the patient with dementia disposes? In: Jones, GMM, Miesen, BML eds. Care-giving in dementia, Volume 3. Hove: Brunner Routledge, 2004a; 391–403.Google Scholar
36Robinson, L, Hutchings, D, Corner, L et al. A systematic review of the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions to prevent wandering in dementia and evaluation of the ethical implications and acceptability of their use. Health Technol Assess 2006; 10: 10–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37Miesen, BML. Dementia in close-up. London: Routledge, 1999: 231.Google Scholar
38Finema, E. Emotion-oriented care in dementia; a psychosocial approach. Groningen: Stichting Drukkerij C. Regenboog, 2000; 239.Google Scholar
39Bradley, AM, Ronch, J, Pohlmann, E. The Edge Program (Electronic Dementia Guide for Excellence). NY State Dept. of Health, Office of Continuing Care, 2005. (available at: http://www.dementiasolutions.com/edge/index.htm).Google Scholar
40Speck, P. Dementia and spiritual care. In: Miesen, BML, Jones, GMM eds. Care-giving in dementia, Volume 4. London: Routledge, 2006: 241–255.Google Scholar
41Van Der Kooij, C. Gewoon life zijn? [Just be nice] Utrecht: Lemma BV, 2003: 435.Google Scholar
42Steel, K, Sherwood, S, Ribbe, MW. A person-specific standardized assessment instrument–continuing and rehabilitative care for elderly people: a comparison of countries and settings. Age Ageing 1997; 26: 83–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
43Ettema, T. The construction of a dementia-specific quality-of-life instrument rated by professional caregivers: Enschede: The QUALIDEM. Gildeprint Drukkerije, 2007: 143.Google Scholar
44Small, N, Downs, M, Froggatt, K. Improving end-of-life care for people with dementia – the benefits of combining UK approaches to palliative care and dementia care. In: Miesen, BML, Jones, GMM eds. Care-giving in dementia, Volume 4. London: Routledge, 2006: 365–92.Google Scholar
45Mitchell, SL, Morris, JN, Park, PS, Fries, BE. Terminal care for persons with advanced dementia in the nursing-home and home-care settings. J Palliat Med 2004; 7: 808–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46Brandt, H, Ooms, ME, Deliens, L et al. The last two days of life of nursing-home patients – a nationwide study. J Palliat Med 2006; 20: 533–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47NHS North East. Media Information. Mental health patients to benefit from drive for dignity and respect. 2007. (available at: http://www.gnn.gov.uk/environment/fullDetail.asp?ReleaseID=337211&NewsAreaID=2&NavigatedFromDepartment=True).Google Scholar
48Nuffield Council on Bioethics, 2007 (available at: www.nuffieldbioethics.org).Google Scholar
49National Dementia Strategy announced by Care Services Minister Ivan Lewis on 6 August 2007. (available at: http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Policyandguidance/Healthandsocialcaretopics/Olderpeoplesservices/DH_077211).Google Scholar
50Lawton, MP. The physical environment of the person with Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Ment Health 2001; 5 (suppl 1): 56–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51Saperstein, A, Calkins, M, Van Haitsma, K, Curyto, K. Missed opportunities: the disconnect between physical design and programming and operations. Alzheimer's Care Q 2004; 5: 324–31.Google Scholar
52Calkins, MP. Powell Lawton's contributions to long-term care settings. J Housing Elderly 2003; 17: 67–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
53Calkins, MP. The physical and social environment of the person with Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Ment Health 2001; 5 (suppl 1): 126–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54Marden, JP, Briller, SH, Calkins, MP, Profitt, MA. Creating successful dementia-care settings, Volume 4: Enhancing identity and sense of home. Baltimore: Health Professions Press, 2001: 183.Google Scholar
55Archibald, C. Specialist dementia units: a practice guide for staff. Scotland: University of Stirling, Dementia Services Development Centre, 1997. (available at: www.stir.ac.uk/dsdc).Google Scholar
56Briller, SH, Proffitt, MA, Perez, K, Calkins, MP, Marden, JP. Creating successful dementia-care settings, Volume 2: Maximizing cognitive and functional abilities. Baltimore: Health Professions Press, 2001: 201.Google Scholar
57Bakker, R. Sensory loss, dementia, and environments. Generations 2003; (Spring): 203; 46–51.Google Scholar
58Marsden, JP, Briller, SH, Calkins, MP. Creating successful dementia care-settings, Volume 1: Understanding the environment through ageing senses. Baltimore: Health Professions Press, 2001: 63.Google Scholar
59Brawley, EC. Environmental design for Alzheimer's disease: a quality-of-life issue. Ageing Ment Health 2001; 5 (suppl 1): S79–S83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
60Brawley, EC. Designing for Alzheimer's disease. Bognor Regis: Wiley and Sons, 1997: 313.Google Scholar
61Day, K, Carreon, D, Stump, C. Therapeutic design of environments for people with dementia: a review of the empirical research. Gerontologist 2000; 40: 397–416.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
62Hodges, L, Bridge, C, Chaudhary, K. Dementia Design Guidelines. Home and Community Care Capital Works Program, Faculties of Health Sciences and Architecture. Home Modification Information Clearing House, University of Sydney, 2006: 37. (available at: http://www.dadhc.nsw.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/50B41AD4-57B5-4BF3-8989-FD5A528FADE6/2048/DementiaDesignGuidelines.pdf).Google Scholar
63Miesen, BML, Jones, GMM. Psychic pain resurfacing in dementia: from new to past trauma? In: Hunt, L, Marshall, M, Rowling, C eds. Past trauma in late life. London: Jessica Kingsley Pubs., 1997: 142–154.Google Scholar
64Clare, L, Markova, I, Romero, B et al. Awareness and people with early-stage dementia. In: Miesen, BML, Jones, GMM eds. Care-giving in dementia, Volume 4. London: Routledge, 2006: 133–51.Google Scholar
65Berlinck, L. Designing through their eyes: group homes for persons with Alzheimer's disease. Care Manag J 1999; 1: 202–05.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
66Barnett, E. Including the person with dementia in designing and delivering care: ‘I need to be me!’ London: Jessica Kingsley Publications, 2000: 331.Google Scholar
67Calkins, M. Whose Right (or Who's Right) to Design? Adv Patient Fam Cent Care, 2005; (Summer): 11–13.Google Scholar
68Cohen, U, Day, K. The potential role of cultural heritage in environments for people with dementia. In: Holmes, D, Teresi, J, Ory, MG eds. Special care units. Research & practice in Alzheimer's disease, Volume 4. New York: Serdi Springer, 2000.Google Scholar
69Perez, K, Proffitt, MA, Calkins, MP. Creating successful dementia-care settings, Volume 3: Minimizing disruptive behaviors. Baltimore: Health Professions Press, 2001: 147.Google Scholar
70Sloan, PD, Mitchell, CM, Preisser, JS, Phillip, C, Commander, C, Burker, E. Environmental correlates of resident agitation in Alzheimer's disease special-care units. J Am Geriatr Soc, 46; 862–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
71Cohen-Mansfield, J, Libin, A, Marx, MS. Nonpharmacological treatment of agitation: a controlled trial of systematic individualized intervention. The J Gerontol Series A: Biol Sci Med Sci 2007; 62: 908–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
72Pollock, A. Designing gardens for people with dementia. Scotland: University of Stirling, Dementia Services Development Centre. 2001: 37.Google Scholar
73Regan, C, Jones, G. Significant fall-reduction after changing flooring in a dementia-care home. (in preparation).Google Scholar
74Minns, J, Nabhani, F, Bamford, J, Rich, J. Can flooring and underlay materials reduce the number of hip fractures in the elderly? (available at: http://www.rospa.com/homesafety/info/flooring.pdf).Google Scholar
75Simpson, AHR. Does the type of flooring affect the risk of hip fracture? Age Ageing 2004: 33; 242–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
76Mitchell, L, Burton, E, Raman, S, Blackman, T, Jenks, M, Williams, K. Making the outside world dementia-friendly: design issues and considerations. Environ Plann B: Plann Design 2003; 30: 605–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
77Slaughter, S, Calkins, M, Eliasziw, M, Reimer, M. Measuring physical and social environments in nursing homes for people with middle- to late-stage dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006; 54: 1436–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
78Zeisel, J. Inquiry by design. London: WW Norton & Co, 2006.Google Scholar
79Fleming, R, Forbes, I, Bennett, K. Adapting the ward for people with dementia. Dept. of Health, Dementia Services Development Centre, NSW, Australia. 2003.Google Scholar
80Calkins, M. Design for dementia: planning environments for the elderly and confused. Maryland, National Health Publishing. 1988.Google Scholar
81Marshall, M. Therapeutic buildings for people with dementia. In: Judd, S, Marshall, M, Phippen, P eds. Design for dementia. London: Hawker Publications, 1998: 11–14.Google Scholar
82Cronin-Golomb, A, Hof, PR. Vision in Alzheimer's disease. Interdisciplinary Topics in Gerontology. Basel: Karger, 2004: 332.Google Scholar
83Braak, H, Vos, RAI et al. Neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Prog Brain Res 1998; 117: 801–19.Google ScholarPubMed
84Braak, H, Braak, E. Evolution of neuronal changes in the course of Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transmiss 1998; 53 (suppl); 3–12.Google ScholarPubMed
85Braak, H, Del Tredici, K, Rüb, U, de Vos, RAI, Steur, J, Braak, E. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Ageing 2003; 24: 197–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
86Tang-Wai, DF, Josephs, KA, Boeve, BF, Petersen, RC, Parisi, JE, Dickson, DW. Coexistent Lewy body disease in a case of ‘visual variant of Alzheimer's disease’. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003; 74: 389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
87Hishikawa, N, Hashizume, Y, Yoshida, M, Sobue, G. Clinical and neuropathological correlates of Lewy body disease. Acta Neuropathol 2003; 105: 341–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
88Mosimann, U, McKeith, I. Dementia with Lewy bodies – diagnosis and treatment of cognitive and neuropsychiatric features. Swiss Med Wkly 2003; 8: 131–42.Google Scholar
89Clark, T. Feeling safe. Contemp Long-Term Care 2003; 26: 20–24.Google ScholarPubMed
90Kincaid, C, Peacock, JR. The effect of a wall mural of decreasing four types of door-testing behaviors. J Appl Gerontol 2003; 22: 76–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
91Jones, GMM, Van Der Eerden-Rebel, W, Harding, J. Visuo-perceptual-cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease: adapting a dementia unit. In: Miesen, BML, Jones, GMM eds. Care-giving in dementia, Volume 4. London: Routledge. 2006: 3–58.Google Scholar
92Jones, GMM, Harding, J, Van Der Eerden-Rebel, W. Visual phenomena in Alzheimer's disease: distinguishing between hallucinations, illusions, misperceptions and misidentifications. In: Miesen, BML, Jones, GMM eds. Care-giving in dementia, Volume 4. London: Routledge, 2006a: 59–104.Google Scholar
93Jones, GMM. Dignity and dementia. Keynote address. Sept 18, 2007 for: All Wales Improvement Network. Services for older people with mental health problems and people with dementia. ‘Getting ahead of the curve’ The ageing demographic and planning what care should look like. Llandrindod Wells, Wales, UK.Google Scholar
94Jones, GMM. Visuo-perceptual difficulties in AD: Design problems in dementia care environments. Workshop, All Wales Improvement Network Sept 18, 2007 (see reference 93.).Google Scholar
95Jones, GMM. Visual assessment of older persons in care settings; staff education (in preparation).Google Scholar
96Hyvarinen, L. Visual pathways lecture. (available at: http://www.lea-test.fi/en/assessme/comenius/pathways.html.).Google Scholar
97Hyvarinen, L. Changes in vision in old age. (available at: http:/www.lea-test.fi/en/eyes/old.html.).Google Scholar
98van Rhijn, SJ, Glosser, G, de Vries, J, Clark, C, Newber, A, Alavi, A. Visual processing impairments and decrements in regional brain activity in Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Exp Neuropsych 2004; 26: 11–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
99Mendola, JD, Cronin-Golomb, A, Corkin, S, Drowdon, JH. Prevalence of visual deficits in Alzheimer's disease. Optom Vis Sci 1995; 72: 155–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
100Hinton, D, Sadun, A, Blanks, J, Miller, C. Optic nerve degeneration in Alzheimer's disease. NEJM 1986; 315: 385–487.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
101Sadun, A. The optic neuropathy of Alzheimer's disease. Ped Syst Ophthalmol 1989; 12: 64–68.Google ScholarPubMed
102Curcio, CA, Drucker, DN. Retinal ganglion cells in Alzheimer's disease and ageing. Ann Neurol 1993; 33: 248–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
103Haxby, JV, Grady, CL, Horwitz, B et al. Dissociation of object and spatial visual processing pathways in human extrastriate cortex. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 1621–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
104Haxby, JV, Horwitz, B, Ungerleider, LG, Maisog, JM, Pietrini, P, Grady, CL. The functional organization of human extrastriate cortex: a PET-rCBF study of selective attention to faces and locations. J Neurosci 1994; 14: 1636–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
105Kuljis, R, Tikoo, R. Discontinuous distribution of senile plaques within striate cortex hyper columns in Alzheimer's disease. Vision Res 1997; 37: 3573–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
106Sumner, P, Mollon, JD. Exogenous orienting of attention to stimuli visible only to short-wave sensitive cones: a test of collicular mediation. Experimental Psychology Society Meeting, Bristol, 2001 (available at: http://www.eps.ac.uk/meetings/prog0401.html).Google Scholar
107Ro, T, Shelton, D, Lee, OL, Chang, E. Extrageniculate mediation of unconscious vision in transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced blindsight. PNAS 2004; 101: 9933–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
108Ro, T. Neural mechanisms for conscious and unconscious vision. In: Breitmeyer, B, Ogmen, H eds. The first half second. Cambridge: MA-MIT Press. (in press).Google Scholar
109Boyer, JL, Harrison, S, Ro, T. Unconscious processing of orientation and color without primary visual cortex. PNAS 2005; 102: 16875–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
110Tetewsky, SJ, Duffy, CJ. Visual loss and getting lost in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1999; 52: 958–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
111Cronin-Golomb, A. Color vision, object recognition and spatial localization in ageing and Alzheimer's disease. In: Hof, PR, Mobbs, CV eds. Functional Neurobiology of Ageing. San Diego: Academic Press, 2001: 517–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
112Duffy, CJ, Tetewsky, SJ, O'Brien, H. Cortical motion blindness in visuospatial AD. Neurobiol Ageing 2000; 21: 867–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
113Cernin, PA, Keller, B, Stoner, J. Color vision in Alzheimer's patients: Can we improve object recognition with color cues? Ageing, Neuropsychol Cognition 2003; 10: 255–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
114Cormack, F, Tovee, M, Ballard, C. Contrast sensitivity and visual acuity in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Int J Geriatric Psychiatry 2000; 15: 614–20.3.0.CO;2-0>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
115Clark, V, Keil, K, Maisog, JM, Courtney, SM, Underleider, L, Haxby, J. Functional magnetic resonance imageing of human visual cortex during face-matching: a comparison with positron emission tomography. Neuroimage 1996; 4: 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
116Cronin-Golomb, A, Corkin, S, Rizzo, J, Cohen, J, Growdon, JH, Banks, KS. Visual dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: relation to normal ageing. Ann Neurol 1991; 29: 41–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
117Lindeboom, J, Schmand, B, Tulner, L, Walstra, G, Jonker, C. Visual association test to detect early dementia of the Alzheimer type. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002; 73: 126–133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
118Rosen, PN. Vision Screening for Alzheimer's disease: prevention from an opthalmologist's perspective (There is more to vision than meets the eye). The Permanente J 2004; 8: 1–11 (available at: http://www.wings.buffalo.edu/faculty/research/bioethics/osce.html.Google ScholarPubMed
119Cronin-Golomb, A, Gilmore, G. Visual factors in cognitive dysfunction and enhancement in Alzheimer's disease. In: Soraci, S Jr., Murata-Soraci, eds. Visual information processing. Westport: Praeger Publications 2003; 3–34.Google Scholar
120Sylvester, CM, Shulman, GL, Jack, AI, Corbetta, M. Asymmetry of anticipatory activity in visual ortex predicts the locus of attention and perception. J Neurosci 2007; 27: 14424–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
121Nobili, L, Sannita, W. Cholinergic modulation, visual function and Alzheimer's dementia. Vision Res 1997; 37: 3559–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
122Jones, GMM. Metaphors for teaching about changing memory and cognition in Alzheimer's disease: bookcases in a library. In: Jones, GMM, Miesen, BML eds. Care-giving in dementia, Volume 3. Hove: Brunner-Routledge, 2004; 37–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
123Jones, GMM. The loss of meaningful attachments in dementia and behavioural stage-specific implications. In: Jones, GMM, Miesen, BML eds. Care-giving in dementia, Volume 3. Hove: Brunner-Routledge, 2004; 261–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
124McGilton, KS, Rivera, TM, Dawson, P. Can we help persons with dementia find their way in a new environment? Ageing Mental Health 2003; 7: 6; 363–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
125Joseph, A. The impact of light on outcomes in healthcare settings. Issue Paper #2. Aug. 2006. The Center For Health Design. www.heatlhdesign.org http://www.aamanet.org/upload/Impact_of_Light_on_Healthcare_CHD_Issue_Paper2.pdf.Google Scholar
126Torrington, JM, Tregenza, PR. Lighting for people with dementia. Light Res Tech 2007; 39: 81–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
127Ancoli-Israel, S, Gehrman, P, Martin, JL et al. Increased light exposure consolidates sleep and strengthens circadian rhythms in severe Alzheimer's disease patients. Beh Sleep Med 2003; 1: 22–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
128Sorensen S, , Brunnstrom, G. Quality of light and quality of life: an intervention study among older people. Lighting Res Tech 1995; 27: 113–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
129Campbell, SS, Kripke, DF, Gillin, JC, Hrubovcak, JC. Exposure to light in healthy elderly subjects and Alzheimer's patients. Physiol Beh 1988; 42: 141–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
130LaGarce, M. Control of environmental lighting and its effects on behaviors of the Alzheimer's type. J Interior Design 2002; 28: 15–25.Google Scholar
131Campbell, S. Deteriorating vision, falls and older people: the links. (Report) Glasgow: Visibility.Google Scholar
132Dunne, TE, Neargarder, SA, Cippolloni, P, Croni-Golomb, A. Visual contrast enhances food and liquid intake in advanced Alzheimer's disease. Clin Nutr 2004; 23: 533–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
133Jones, GMM, van der Eerden, WJ. The SPECTRUM framework for dementia care (in preparation).Google Scholar
134Marsden, J, Calkins, M, Briller, S. Educating LTC staff about therapeutic environments. J Architect Plann Res 2003; 20: 68–74.Google Scholar
135Calkins, M. Ten tips for changing culture. Alzheimer's Care Q 2004; 5: 289–95.Google Scholar
136Parker, C, Barnes, S, McKee, K et al. Quality of life and building design in residential and nursing homes for older people. Ageing Soc 2004; 24: 941–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
137Freedman, V, Calkins, M, Van Haitsma, K. An exploratory study of barriers to implementing technologies in US residents’ long-term care settings. J Gerontechnol 2005; 4: 86–8100.Google Scholar
138Forget-Me-Not. Mental health services for older people. London: Audit Commission, 2000.Google Scholar