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Diagnosis of schistosomiasis mansoni: an evaluation of existing methods and research towards single worm pair detection

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 March 2018

Paul Ogongo ,
Thomas M. Kariuki  and
R. Alan Wilson
Paul Ogongo*
Affiliation:
Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, P.O Box 24481, Karen 00502 Nairobi, Kenya Africa Health Research Institute, 4013 Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
Thomas M. Kariuki
Affiliation:
Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, P.O Box 24481, Karen 00502 Nairobi, Kenya The Alliance for Accelerating Excellence in Science in Africa, Africa Academy of Sciences, P.O Box 24916, Karen 00502 Nairobi, Kenya
R. Alan Wilson
Affiliation:
Biology Department, Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
*
Author for correspondence: Paul Ogongo, E-mail: polikogongo@gmail.com
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Abstract

The inadequacy of current diagnostics for the detection of low worm burdens in humans means that schistosomiasis mansoni is more widespread than previously acknowledged. With the inception of mass drug treatment programmes aimed at disease elimination and the advent of human vaccine trials, the need for more sensitive diagnostics is evident. In this review, we evaluate the merits and limitations of the principal diagnostic methods, namely detection of eggs in faeces; anti-schistosome antibodies in serum; parasite-derived proteins and glycans in serum or urine; parasite DNA in blood, faeces or urine. Only in the baboon model, where actual worm burden is determined by portal perfusion, have faecal smear and circulating antigen methods been calibrated, and shown to have thresholds of detection of 10–19 worm pairs. There is scope for improvement in all the four methods of detection, e.g. the identification of single targets for host antibodies to improve the specificity of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Despite recent advances in the definition of the schistosome secretome, there have been no comprehensive biomarker investigations of parasite products in the urine of infected patients. Certainly, the admirable goal of eliminating schistosomiasis will not be achieved unless individuals with low worm burdens can be diagnosed.

Keywords

Antibody ELISAbaboon modelbiomarkerscirculating antigendiagnosticsDNA detectionfaecal egg countSchistosoma mansoniworm burden
Type
Review Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 145 , Issue 11 , September 2018 , pp. 1355 - 1366
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Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

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