Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-hfldf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-28T01:54:38.470Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Neuropsychological studies of asymptomatic Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Type-1 infected individuals

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 February 2009

Desirée A. White ,
Robert K. Heaton  and
Andreas U. Monsch
Desirée A. White
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
Robert K. Heaton
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
Andreas U. Monsch
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 San Diego Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92161
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The current review was conducted to address the ongoing debate regarding the presence or absence of neuropsychological impairment in asymptomatic HIV-Type 1 (HIV-1) seropositive individuals. Results were summarized from 57 studies that compared the performances of seropositive asymptomatic and seronegative individuals. Overall, the differences observed between median rates of impairment for asymptomatic (35%) and seronegative (12%) groups provided the clearest indication of deficits in asymptomatics. In addition, five variables were examined as possible contributors to inconsistencies found in the literature: mode of infection, test battery type, test battery size, sample size, and method of data analysis. Of these variables, only mode of infection and test battery size appeared to substantially influence the outcome of the studies reviewed with regard to identifying neuropsychological impairment in asymptomatics. (JINS, 1995, I, 304–315.)

Keywords

Human Immunodeficiency VirusNeuropsychologyAsymptomatic
Type
Critical Review
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 1 , Issue 3 , May 1995 , pp. 304 - 315
Copyright
Copyright © The International Neuropsychological Society 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ayhvard, E.H., Hendcrcr, J.D., McArthur, J.C., Brettschneider, P.D., Harris, G.J., Barta, P.E., & Pearlson, G.D. (1993). Reduced basal ganglia volume in HIV-1-associated dementia: Results from quantitative neuroimaging. Neurology,43, 2099–2104.Google Scholar
Belsky-Barr, D., Barr, W.B., Jacobsberg, L., & Perry, S. (1990). An error analysis of mental control deficits in asymptomatic HIV seropositive males. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 12, 72–73.Google Scholar
Boccellari, A.A., Dilley, J.W., Chambers, D.B., Yingling, C.D., Tauber, M.A., Moss, A.R., & Osmond, D.H. (1993). Immune function and neuropsychological performance in HIV-1-infected homosexual men. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 6, 592–601.Google ScholarPubMed
Bornstein, R.A., Nasrallah, H.A., Para, M.F., Whitacre, C.C., Rosenbergcr, P., Fass, R.J., & Rice, R. (1992). Neuropsychological performance in asymptomatic HIV infection. The Journal ofNeuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscienccs, 4(4), 386–394.Google ScholarPubMed
Butters, N., Grant, I., Haxby, J., Judd., L.L., Martin, A., McClelland, J., Pequegnat, W., Schactcr, D., & Stover, E. (1990). Assessment of AIDS-rcIated cognitive changes: Recommendations of the NIMH workshop on ncuropsychological assessment approaches. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 12, 963–978.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control. (1986). Classification system for human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus infections. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 35(20), 334–339.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control. (1994). Update: Impact of the Expanded AIDS surveillance case definition of adolescents and adults on case reporting-United States, 1993. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 43(9), 160–170.Google Scholar
Clifford, D.B., Jacoby, R.G., Miller, J.P., Scyfricd, W.R., & Glicksman, M. (1990). Neuropsychometric performance of asymptomatic HIV-infected subjects. AIDS, 4, 767–774.Google Scholar
Collier, A.C., Marra, C., Coombs, R.W., Claypoole, K., Cohen, W., Longstreth, W.T., Townes, B.D., Maravilla, K.R., Critchlow, C., Murphy, V.L., & Handsfield, H.H. (1992). Central nervous system manifestations in human immunodeficiency virus infection without AIDS. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 5, 229–241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunlop, O., Bjorklund, R.A., Abdelnoor, M., & Myrvang, B. (1992). Five different tests of reaction time evaluated in HIV seropositive men. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 86, 260–266.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egan, V. (1992). Neuropsychological aspects of HIV infection. AIDS Care, 4, 3–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egan, V.G., Crawford, J.R., Bretlle, R.P., & Goodwin, G.M. (1990). The Edinburgh cohort of HIV-positive drug users: Current intellectual function is impaired, but not due to early AIDS dementia complex. AIDS, 4, 651–656.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Field, M., Kunze, H.Tatc, J., & Frazcr, I.H. (1989). Cerebral dysfunction with evidence of cerebral HIV infection amongst asymptomatic HIV seropositivc subjects. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine, 19, 694–699.Google Scholar
Folstein, M.F., Folstein, S.E., & McHugh, P.R. (1975). “Mini-Mental State”: A practical method for grading cognitive state of patients for the clinicians. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franzblau, A., Letz, R., Hershman, D., Mason, P., Wallace, J.I., & Bckesi, J.G. (1991). Quantitative neurologic and neurobehavioral testing of persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Archives of Neurology, 48, 263–268.Google Scholar
Gibbs, A., Andrewes, D.G., Szmukler, G., Mulhall, B., & Bowden, S.C. (1990). Early HIV-related neuropsychological impairment: Relationship to stage of viral infection. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 12(5), 766–780.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goethe, K.E., Mitchell, J.E., Marshall, D.W., Brey, R.L., Cahill, W.T., Leger, D., Hoy, L.J., & Boswell, R.N. (1989). Neuropsychological and neurological function of human immunodeficiency virus scropositive asymptomatic individuals. Archives of Neurology, 46, 129–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, I., Atkinson, J.H., Hessclink, J.R., Kennedy, C.J., Richman, D.D., Spector, S.A., &. McCutchan, J.A. (1987). Evidence for early central nervous system involvement in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and other human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. Annals of Internal Medicine, 107, 828–836.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grant, I., Caun, K., Kingsley, D.P.E., Winer, J., Trimble, M.R., & Pinching, A.J. (1992). Neuropsychological and NMR abnormalities in HIV infection. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology, 5(3), 185–193.Google Scholar
Grant, I. & Hcaton, R.K. (1990). Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Type I (HIV-1) and the brain. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(1), 22–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Handelsman, L., Aronson, M., Maurer, G., Wiener, J., Jacobson, J., Bernstein, D., Ness, R., Herman, S., Losonezy, M., Sook, Song I.. Holloway, K., Horvath, T., Donnelly, N., Hirschowitz, J., & Rowan, A.J. (1992). Neuropsychological and neurological manifestations of HIV-1 dementia in drug users. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscienccs, 4, 21–28.Google ScholarPubMed
Heaton, R.K., Kirson, D., Velin, R.A., Grant, I., & the HNRC Group. (1994). The utility of clinical ratings for detecting early cognitive change in HIV infection. In I. Grant & Martin, A. (Eds.), Neuropsychology of HIVinfection, (pp. 188–206). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ingraham, L.J., Bridge, T.P., Janssen, R., Stover, E., & Mirsky, A.F. (1990). Neuropsychological effects of early HIV-1 infection: Assessment and methodology. Journal of Neuropsychiatry, 2(2), 174–182.Google Scholar
Janssen, R.S., Saykin, A.J., Cannon, L., Campbell, J., Pinsky, P.F., Hessol, N.A., O'Mallcy, P.M., Lifson, A.R., Doll, L.S., Rutherford, G.W., & Kaplan, J.E. (1989). Neurological and neuropsychological manifestations of HIV-1 infection: Association with AIDS-related complex but not asymptomatic HIV-1 infection. Annals of Neurology, 26, 592–600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janssen, R.S., Saykin, A.J., Kaplan, J.E., Spira, T.J., Pinsky, P.F., Sprehn, G.C., Hoffman, J.C., Mayer, W.B., & Schonbcrgcr, L.B. (1988). Neurological complications of human immunodeficiency virus infection in patients with lymphadcnopathy syndrome. Annals of Neurology, 23, 49–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karlsen, N.R., Reinvang, I., & Froland, S.S. (1992). Slowed reaction time in asymptomatic HIV-positive patients. Acta Neurologica Scandinavian, 86, 242–246.Google Scholar
Klusman, L.E., Moulton, J.M., Hornbostel, L.K., Picano, J.J., & Beattie, M.T. (1991). Neuropsychological abnormalities in asymptomatic HIV seropositive military personnel. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 3, 422–428.Google ScholarPubMed
Kokkevi, A., Hatzakis, A., Maillis, A., Pittadaki, J., Zalonis, J., Samartzis, D., Touloumi, G., Mandalaki, T., & Stefanis, C. (1991). Neuropsychological assessment of HlV-seropositive haemophiliacs. AIDS, 5, 1223–1229.Google Scholar
Koralnik, I.J., Beaumanoir, A., Hausler, R., Kohler, A., Safran, A.B., Delacoux, R., Vibert, D., Mayer, E., Burkhard, P., Nahory, A., Magistris, M.R., Sanchez, J., Myers, P., Paccolat, F., Quoex, F., Gabriel, V., Perrin, L., Mermil-Iod, B., Gauthier, G., Waldvogel, F.A., & Hirschel, B. (1990). A controlled study of early neurologic abnormalities in men with asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. New England Journal of Medicine, 323, 864–870.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krikorian, R. & Wrobel, A.J. (1991). Cognitive impairment in HIV infection. AIDS, 5, 1501–1507.Google Scholar
Levin, H.S., Williams, D.H., Borucki, M.J., Hillman, G.R., Williams, J.B., Guinto, F.C., Amparo, E.G., Crow, W.N., & Pollard, R.B. (1990). Magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological findings in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 3(8), 757–762.Google Scholar
Lunn, S., Skydsbjerg, M., Schulsinger, H., Parnas, J., Pedersen, C., & Mathiesen, L. (1991). A preliminary report on the neuropsychologic sequelae of human immunodeficiency virus. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 139–142.Google Scholar
Maj, M., Satz, P., Janssen, R., Zaudig, M., Starace, F., D'Elia, L., Sughondhabirom, B., Mussa, M., Naber, D., Ndetei, D., Schulte, G., & Sartorius, N. (1994). WHO neuropsychiatric AIDS study, cross-sectional phase II: Neuropsychological and neurological findings. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 51–62.Google Scholar
Marotta, R. & Perry, S. (1989). Early neuropsychological dysfunction caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Journal of Neuropsychiatry, 1(3), 225–235.Google Scholar
Marsh, N.V. & McCall, D.W. (1994). Early neuropsychological change in HIV infection. Neuropsychology, 8(1), 44–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, A., Heyes, M.P., Salazar, A.M., Kampen, D.L., Williams, J., Law, W.A., Coats, M.E., & Markey, S.P. (1992). Progressive slowing of reaction time and increasing cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of quinolinic acid in HIV-infected individuals. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 4, 270–279.Google Scholar
Martin, E.M., Robertson, L.C., Edelstein, H.E., Jagust, W.J., Sorensen, D.J., Giovanni, D.S., & Chirurgi, V.A. (1992a). Performance of patients with early HIV-1 infection on the Stroop task. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 14(5), 857–868.Google Scholar
Martin, E.M., Robertson, L.C., Sorensen, D.J., Jagust, W.J., Mallon, K.F., & Chirurgi, V.A. (1993). Speed of memory scanning is not affected in early HIV-1 infection. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 15, 311–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, E.M., Sorensen, D.J., Robertson, L.C., Edelstein, H.E., & Chirurgi, V.A. (1992b). Spatial attention in HIV-1 infection: A preliminary report. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 4, 288–293.Google ScholarPubMed
McAllister, R.H., Herns, M.V., Harrison, M.J.G., Newman, S.P., Connolly, S., Fowler, C.J., Fell, M., Durrance, P., Manji, H., Kendall, B.E., Valentine, A.R., Weller, I.V.D., & Adler, M. (1992). Neurological and neuropsychological performance in HIV seropositive men without symptoms. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 55, 143–148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McArthur, J.C., Cohen, B.A., Seines, O.A., Kumar, A.J., Cooper, K., McArthur, J.H., Soucy, G., Cornblath, D.R., Chmiel, J.S., Wang, M., Starkey, D.L., Ginzburg, H., Ostrovv, D.G., Johnson, R.T., Phair, J.P., & Polk, B.F. (1989). Low prevalence of neurological and neuropsychological ab-normalities in otherwise healthy HI V-1-infected individuals: Results from the multicenter AIDS cohort study. Annals of Neurology, 26, 601–611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKegney, F.P., O'Dowd, M.A., Feiner, C., Selwyn, P., Drucker, E., & Friedland, G.H. (1990). A prospective comparison of neuropsychologic function in HIV-seropositive and seronegative methadone-maintained patients. AIDS, 4, 565–569.Google Scholar
Miller, E.N., Seines, O.A., McArthur, J.C., Satz, P., Becker, J.T., Cohen, B.A., Sheridan, K., Machado, A.M., van Gorp, W.G., & Visscher, B. (1990). Neuropsychological performance in HI V-1-infected homosexual men: The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Neurology, 40, 197–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, E.N., Satz, P., & Visscher, B. (1991). Computerized and conventional neuropsychological assessment of HIV-1- infected homosexual men. Neurology, 41, 1608–1616.Google Scholar
Naber, D., Perro, C., Schick, U., Schmauss, M., Erfurth, A., Bove, D., Goebel, F.D., & Hippius, H. (1990). Psychiatric symptoms and neuropsychological deficits in HIV infection. Neuropsychopharmacology, 745–755.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Navia, B.A., Cho, E., Petito, C.K., & Price, R.W. (1986a). The AIDS dementia complex: II. Neuropathology. Annals of Neurology, 19, 525–535.Google Scholar
Navia, B.A., Jordan, B.D., & Price, R.W. (1986b). The AIDS dementia complex: I. Clinical features. Annals of Neurology, 19, 517–524.Google Scholar
Olio, C., Johnson, R., & Grafman, J. (1991). Signs of cognitive change in HIV disease: An event-related brain potential study. Neurology, 41, 209–215.Google Scholar
Olio, C., Litman, R., Rubinow, D., Bridge, T.P., & Pickar, D. (1990). Neuropsychological correlates of smooth pursuit eyemovements in HIV disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 12(1), 73.Google Scholar
Perdices, M. & Cooper, D.A. (1989). Simple and choice reaction time in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Annals of Neurology, 25, 460–467.Google Scholar
Perry, S., Belsky-Barr, D., Barr, W.B., & Jacobsberg, L. (1989). Neuropsychological function in physically asymptomatic, HIV-seropositive men. Journal of Neuropsychiatry, 1(3), 296–302.Google ScholarPubMed
Poutiainen, E., Elovaara, I., Raininko, R., Hokkanen, L., Valle, S-L., Lahdevirta, J., & Iivanainen, M. (1993). Cognitive performance in HIV-1 infection: Relationship to severity of disease and brain atrophy. Ada Neurologica Scandinavica, 87, 88–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Redfield, R.R., Wright, D.C., &Tramont, E.C. (1986). The Walter Reed staging classification for HTLV-III/LAV infection. New England Journal of Medicine, 314, 131–132.Google Scholar
Reinvang, I., Froland, S.S., & Skripeland, V. (1991). Prevalence of neuropsychological deficit in HIV infection. Incipient signs of AIDS dementia complex in patients with AIDS. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 83, 289–293.Google Scholar
Reitan, R. & Wolfson, D. (1985). The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: Theory and clinical interpretation. Tucson, AZ: Neuropsychological Press.Google Scholar
Riedel, R.R., Helmstaedter, C., Bulau, P., Durwen, H.F., Brackmann, H., Fimmers, R., Clarenbach, P., Miller, E.N., & Bottcher, M. (1992). Early signs of cognitive deficits among human immunodeficiency virus-positive hemophiliacs. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 85, 321–326.Google Scholar
Royal, W., Updike, M., Seines, O.A., Proctor, T.V., Nance-Sproson, L., Solomon, L., Vlahov, D., Cornblath, D.R., & McArthur, J.C. (1991). HIV-1 infection and nervous system abnormalities among a cohort of intravenous drug users. Neurology, 41, 1905–1910.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rubinow, D.R., Berrettini, C.H., Brouwers, P., & Lane, H.C. (1988). Neuropsychiatric consequences of AIDS. Annals of Neurology, 25(suppl), 24–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Satz, P., Morgenstern, H., Miller, E.N., Seines, O.A., McArthur, J.C., Cohen, B.A., Wesch, J., Becker, J.T., Jacobson, L., D'Elia, L.F., van Gorp, W., & Visscher, B. (1993). Low education as a possible risk factor for cognitive abnormalities in HIV-1: Findings from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 6, 503–511.Google Scholar
Saykin, A.J., Janssen, R.S., Sprehn, G.C., Kaplan, J.E., Spira, T.J., & Weller, P. (1988). Neuropsychological dysfunction in HIV-infection: Characterization in a lymphadenopathy cohort.International Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 10(2), 81–95.Google Scholar
Silberstein, C.H., McKegney, F.P., O'Dowd, M.A., Selwyn, P.A., Schoenbaum, E., Drucker, E., Feiner, C., Cox, C.P., & Friedland, G. (1987). A prospective longitudinal study of neuropsychological and psychosocial factors in asymptomatic individuals at risk for HTLV/LAV infection in a methadone program: Preliminary findings. International Journal of Neuroscience, 32, 669–676.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sinforiani, E., Mauri, M., Bono, G., Muratori, S., Alessi, E., & Minoli, L. (1991). Cognitive abnormalities and disease progression in a selected population of asymptomatic HIVpositive subjects. AIDS, 5, 1117–1120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skoraszewski, M.J., Ball, J.D., & Mikulka, P. (1991). Neuropsychological functioning of HIV-infected males. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 13(2), 278–290.Google Scholar
Stern, R.A., Singer, N.G., Silva, S.G., Rogers, H.J., Perkins, D.O., Hall, C.D., van der Horst, C.M., & Evans, D.L. (1992). Neurobehavioral functioning in a nonconfounded group of asymptomatic HIV-seropositive homosexual men. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 1099–1102.Google Scholar
Stern, Y., Marder, K., Bell, K., Chen, J., Dooneief, G., Goldstein, S., Mindry, D., Richards, M., Sano, M., Williams, J., Gorman, J., Ehrhardt, A., & Mayeux, R. (1991). Multidisciplinary baseline assessment of homosexual men with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 131–138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tross, S., Price, R.W., Navia, B., Thaler, H.T., Gold, J., Hirsch, D.A., & Sidtis, J.J. (1988). Neuropsychological characterization of the AIDS dementia complex: A preliminary report. AIDS, 2, 81–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turnbull, O., Saling, M.M., Kaplan-Solms, K., Cohn, R., & Schoub, B. (1991). Neuropsychological deficit in haemophiliacs with human immunodeficiency virus. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 54, 175–177.Google Scholar
van Gorp, W.G., Lamb, D.G., & Schmitt, F.A. (1993). Methodologic issues in neuropsychological research with HIVspectrum disease. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 8, 17–33.Google Scholar
van Gorp, W.G., Satz, P., Hinkin, C., Seines, O., Miller, E.N., McArthur, J., Cohen, B., Paz, D., & the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. (1991). Metacognition in HIV-1 seropositive asymptomatic individuals: Self-ratings versus objective neuropsychological performance. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 13(5), 812–819.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D.A. (1981). Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D.A. (1987). Manual for the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Wellman, M.C. (1992). Neuropsychological impairment among intravenous drug users in pre-AIDS stages of HIV infection. InternationalJournalof Neuroscience, 64, 183–194.Google ScholarPubMed
Wilkie, F.L., Eisdorfer, C., Morgan, R., Loewenstein, D.A., & Szapocznik, J. (1990). Cognition in early human immunodeficiency virus infection. Archives of Neurology, 47,433–440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilkins, J.W., Robertson, K.R., Snyder, C.R., Robertson, W.K., van der Horst, C., & Hall, C.D. (1991). Implications of self-reported cognitive and motor dysfunction in HIVpositive patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 641–643.Google Scholar