Akiskal, H.S. (1986). Mood disturbances. In The Medical Basis of Psychiatry (ed. Winokur, G. & Clayton, P.), pp. 365–380. W.B. Saunders: Philadelphia.Google Scholar

Allen, M.H. & Frances, R.M. (1986). Varieties of psychopathology found in patients with addictive disorders: a review. In Psychopathology and Addictive Disorders (ed. Meyer, R.E.), pp. 17–38. Guilford Press: New York.Google Scholar

Alluglander, C. (1989). Psychoactive drug use in a general population sample, Sweden: correlates with perceived health, psychiatric diagnoses, and mortality in an automated record-linkage study. American Journal of Public Health 79, 1006–1010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. APA: Washington, DC.Google Scholar

American Psychiatric Association (1987). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed. revised. APA: Washington, DC.Google Scholar

Anthony, J.C. & Helzer, J.E. (1991). Syndromes of drug abuse and dependence. In Psychiatric Disorders in America: the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study (ed. Robins, L.N. and Regier, D.A.), pp. 116–154. Free Press: New York.Google Scholar

Anthony, J.C.Folstein, M., Romanoski, A.J., VonKorff, M.R., Nestadt, G.R., Chahal, R., Merchant, Brown, A., Shapiro, C.H., Kramer, S. & Gruenberg, E.M. (1985). Comparison of the lay Diagnostic Interview Schedule and a standardized psychiatric diagnosis: experience in Eastern Baltimore. Archives of General Psychiatry 42, 667–675.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bourdon, K.H., Rae, D.A., Locke, B.Z., Narrow, W.E. & Regier, D.A. (1992). Estimating the prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adults from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. Public Health Reporter 107, 663–668.Google Scholar

Broadhead, W.E., Blazer, D.G., George, L.K., & Kit, T.C. (1990). Depression, disability days, and days lost from work in a prospective epidemiologic survey. Journal of American Medicine 264, 2524–2528.Google Scholar

Eaton, W.W., Anthony, J.C., Tepper, S. & Dryman, A. (1992). Psychopathology and attrition in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. American Journal of Epidemiology 135, 1051–1059.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Efron, B. (1988). Logistic regression, survival analysis, and the Kaplan-Meier curve. Journal of American Statistical Association 83, 414–425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Endicott, J. & Spitzer, R. (1978). Family History Research Diagnostic Criteria. Biometrics Research. New York State Psychiatric Institute: New York.Google Scholar

Helzer, J.E., Robins, L.N., McEvoy, L.T. & Spitznagel, E.A. (1985). Comparison of clinical and Diagnostic Interview Schedule diagnoses. Archives of General Psychiatry 42, 657–666.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Helzer, J.E., Burnam, A. & McEvoy, L.T. (1991). Alcohol abuse and dependence. In Psychiatric Disorders in America: the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study (ed. Robins, L.N. and Regier, D.A.), pp.81–115. Free Press: New York.Google Scholar

Johnson, J., Weissman, M.M., & Klerman, G.L. (1992). Service utilization and social morbidity associated with depressive symptoms in the community. Journal of American Medicine 267, 1478–1483.Google ScholarPubMed

Keith, S.J., Regier, D.A. & Rae, D.S. (1991). Schizophrenic disorders. In Psychiatric Disorders in America: the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study (ed. Regier, D.A. and Robins, L.N.), pp. 33–52. Free Press: New York.Google Scholar

Kendler, K.S., Gallagher, T.J., Abelson, J.M., & Kessler, R.C. (in press). Lifetime prevalence, demographic risk factors and diagnostic validity of nonaffective psychosis as assessed in a U.S. community sample: the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry 51, 8–19.Google Scholar

Kessler, R.C. (1995). The epidemiology of psychiatric comorbidity. In Textbook of Psychiatric Epidemiology (ed. Tsuang, M., Tohen, M. and Zahner, G.), pp. 179–198. Wiley & Sons: New York.Google Scholar

Kessler, R.C. (in press). The prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity. In Treatment Strategies for Patients with Psychiatric Comorbidity (ed. Wetzler, S. and Sanderson, W.C.). John Wiley & Sons: New York.Google Scholar

Kessler, R.C. & Forthofer, M.S. (under review). The social consequences of psychiatric disorders. Ill: Marriage and marital stability. American Journal of Psychiatry.Google Scholar

Kessler, R.C. & Price, R.H. (1993). Primary prevention of secondary disorders: A proposal and agenda. American Journal of Community Psychology 21, 607–634.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kessler, R.C., McGonagle, K.A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C.B., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., Wittchen, H.-U. & Kendler, K.S. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry 51, 8–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kessler, R.C., Foster, C.L., Saunders, W.B. & Stang, P.E. (1995). Social consequences of psychiatrict disorders. I: Educational attainment. American Journal of Psychiatry 152, 1026–1032.Google Scholar

Kessler, R.C., Nelson, C.B., McGonagle, K.A., Liu, J., Swartz, M. & Blaxer, D.G. (1996a). Comorbidity of DSM-III-R Major Depressive Disorder in the general population: results from the US National Comorbidity Survey. British Journal of Psychiatry 168, 8–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kessler, R.C., Nelson, C.B., McGonagle, K.A., Edlund, M.J., Frank, R.G. & Leaf, P.J. (1996b). The epidemiology of co-occurring addictive and mental disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey: Implications for prevention and service utilitization. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 66, 17–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kessler, R.C., Mroczek, D.K. & Belli, R.F. (in press a). Retrospective adult assessment of childhood psychopathology. In Assessment in Childhood Psychopathology (ed. Shaffer, D. and Richters, J.). Guildford Press: New York.Google Scholar

Kessler, R.C., Crum, R.M., Warner, L.A., Nelson, C.B., Schulenbeg, J. & Anthony, J.C. (in press b). The lifetime co-occurrence of DSM-III-R alcohol abuse and dependence with other psychiatric disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry.Google Scholar

Kessler, R.C., Foster, C.L., Saunders, W.B. & Stand, P.E. (under review). The social consequences of psychiatric disorders. II: Teenage childbearing. American Journal of Psychiatry.Google Scholar

Koch, G.G. & Leneshow, S. (1972). An application of multivariate analysis to complex sample survey data. Journal of the American Statistical Association 67, 780–782.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

President's Commission on Mental Health and Illness. (1978). Report to the President from the President's Commission on Mental Health, Vol. 1. US Government Printing Office: Washington DC.Google Scholar

Regier, D.A., Farmer, M.E., Rae, D.S., Locke, B.Z., Keith, B.J., Judd, L.L. & Godwin, F.K. (1990). Comorbidity of mental health disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse. Journal of the American Medical Association 264, 2511–2518.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Regier, D.A., Narrow, W.E., Rae, D.S., Manderscheid, R.W., Locke, B.Z. & Goodwin, F.K. (1993). The de Facto US Mental and Addictive Disorders Service System: Epidemiologic Catchment Area prospective 1-year prevalence rates of disorders and services. Archives of General Psychiatry 50, 85–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Regier, D.A., Kaelber, C.T., Rae, D.S., Farmer, M.E., Knauper, B., Kessler, R.C. & Norquist, G.S. (under review). Limitations of diagnostic criteria and assessment instruments for mental disorders: Implications for research policy.Google Scholar

Rhode, P., Lewinsohn, P. & Seeley, J. (1990). Are people changed by the experience of having an episode of depression? A further test of the scar hypothesis. Journal of Abnormnal Psychology 99, 264–271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Robins, L.N. & Regier, D.A. (1991). Psychiatric Disorders in America: The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. Free Press: New York.Google Scholar

Robins, L.N., Helzer, J.E., Croughan, J.L. & Ratcliff, K.S. (1981). National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule: its history, characteristics and validity. Archives General Psychiatry 38, 381–389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Robins, L.N., Wing, J., Wittchen, H.-U. & Helzer, J. E. (1988). The Composite International Diagnostic Interview. An epidemiologic instrument suitable for use in conjunction with different diagnostic systems and in different cultures. Archives of General Psychiatry 45, 1069–1077.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Robins, L.N., Locke, B.Z. & Regier, D.A. (1991). An overview of psychiatric disorders in America. In Psychiatric Disorders America: the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study (ed. Robins, L. and Regier, D.A.), pp.328–366. Free Press: New York.Google Scholar

Roy, A., DeJong, J., Lamparski, D., Adinof, B., George, T., Moore, V., Garnett, D., Kerich, M. & Linnoila, M. (1991). Mental disorders among alcoholics: Relationship to age of onset and cerebrospinal fluid neuropeptides. Archives of General Psychiatry 48, 428–432.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

SAS Institute (1988). SAS 6.03. SAS Institute: Cary, NC.Google Scholar

Spitzer, R.L., Williams, J.B.W., Gibbon, M. & First, M.B. (1992). The structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R (SCID), I: history, rationale, and description. Archives of General Psychiatry 49, 624–629.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

University of Michigan (1981). OSIRIS VII. Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan: Ann Arbor, Michigan.Google Scholar

United States Department of Health and Human Services (1992). National Health Interview Survey: 1989 (Computer File). National Center for Health Statistics: Hyattsville, MD.Google Scholar

Wells, K., Stewart, A., Hays, R., Burnam, M., Rogers, W., Daniels, M., Berry, S., Greenfield, S. & Ware, J. (1989). The functioning and well-being of depressed patients: results from the Medical Outcomes Study. Journal of American Medicine 262, 914–919.Google ScholarPubMed

Williams, J.B.W., Gibbon, M., First, M.B., Spitzer, R.L., Davis, M., Borus, J., Howes, M.J., Kane, J., Harrison, G.P. Jr., Rounsaville, B. & Wittchen, H.-U. (1992). The structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R (SCID), II: multsite test-retest reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry 49, 630–636.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wittchen, H.-U. (1994). Reliability and validity studies of the WHO-Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI): a critical review. Journal of Psychiatric Research 28, 57–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wittchen, H.-U., Kessler, R.C., Zhao, S. & Abelson, J. (1995). Reliability and clinical validity of UM-CIDI DSM-III-R generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research 29, 95–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wittchen, H.-U., Zhao, S., Abelson, J.M., Abelson, J.L. & Kessler, R.C. (in press). Reliability and procedural validity of UM-CIDI DSM-III-R phobic disorders. Psychological Medicine.Google Scholar

Wohlfarth, T.D., van den Brink, W., Ormel, J., Koeter, M.W. & Oldhinkel, A.J. (1993). The relationship betwen social dysfunctioning and psychopathology among primary care attenders. British Journal of Psychiatry 163, 37–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Woodruff, R.S. & Causey, B.D. (1976). Computerized method for approximating the variance of a complicated estimate. Journal of the American Statistical Association 71, 315–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

World Health Organization (1990). Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI, Version 1.0). WHO: Geneva.Google Scholar

World Health Organization. (1991). Mental and behavioral disorders (including disorders of psychological development). In International Classification of Diseases. 10th Revision. Chap. Diagnostic Criteria for Research, Draft for Field Trials. WHO: Geneva.Google Scholar