Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-wzw2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-04T10:04:14.680Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Psychological Interventions for Headache in Children and Adolescents

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 December 2014

Christine B. Sieberg ,
Anna Huguet ,
Carl L. von Baeyer  and
Shashi S. Seshia
Christine B. Sieberg
Affiliation:
Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Anna Huguet
Affiliation:
IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia
Carl L. von Baeyer*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology and Pediatrics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
Shashi S. Seshia
Affiliation:
Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
*
Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, 9 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A5, Canada. Email: carl.vonbaeyer@usask.ca.
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Headache in children and adolescents represents a number of complex and multifaceted pain syndromes that can benefit from psychological intervention. There is good evidence for the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy, relaxation training, and biofeedback. The choice of intervention is influenced by patients' age, sex, family and cultural background, as well as by the nature of stressors and comorbid psychiatric symptoms. Management must always be family-centered. Psychological treatments are essential elements in the multidisciplinary, biopsychosocial management of primary headache disorders, particularly for those with frequent or chronic headache, a high level of headache-related disability, medication overuse, or comorbid psychiatric symptoms. Future studies of efficacy and effectiveness of psychological treatment should use the International Headache Society's definition and classification of headache disorders, and stratify results by headache type, associated conditions, and treatment modality.

Type
Review Article
Information
Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences , Volume 39 , Issue 1 , January 2012 , pp. 26 - 34
Copyright
Copyright © The Canadian Journal of Neurological 2012

References

1Abu-Arafeh, I, Razak, S, Sivaraman, B, Graham, C.Prevalence of headache and migraine in children and adolescents: a systematic review of population-based studies. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2010 Dec;52(12):1088–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2Arruda, MA, Guidetti, V, Galli, F, Albuquerque, RC, Bigal, ME.Primary headaches in childhood-a population-based study. Cephalalgia. 2010 Sep;30(9):1056–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3Laurell, K, Larsson, B, Eeg-Olofsson, O.Prevalence of headache in Swedish schoolchildren, with a focus on tension-type headache. Cephalalgia. 2004 May;24(5):380–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4Wang, SJ, Fuh, JL, Lu, SR, Juang, KD.Chronic daily headache in adolescents: prevalence, impact, and medication overuse. Neurology. 2006 Jan 24;66(2):193–7.Google Scholar
5Stovner, L, Hagen, K, Jensen, R, et al.The global burden of headache: A documentation of headache prevalence and disability worldwide. Cephalalgia. 2007 Mar;27(3):193–210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6Seshia, SS, Phillips, DF, von Baeyer, CL.Childhood chronic daily headache: A biopsychosocial perspective. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008;50(7):541–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7Andrasik, F, Lipchik, GL, McCrory, DC, Wittrock, DA.Outcome measurement in behavioral headache research: Headache parameters and psychosocial outcomes. Headache. 2005 May;45 (5):429–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8Powers, SW, Gilman, DK, Hershey, AD.Suggestions for a biopsychosocial approach to treating children and adolescents who present with headache. Headache. 2006 Oct;46 Suppl 3:S149–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9Powers, SW, Andrasik, F.Biobehavioral treatment, disability, and psychological effects of pediatric headache. Pediatr Ann. 2005 Jun;34(6):461–5.Google Scholar
10Kabbouche, MA, Powers, SW, Vockell, AL, et al.Outcome of a multidisciplinary approach to pediatric migraine at 1, 2, and 5 years. Headache. 2005 Nov-Dec;45(10):1298–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11Sauro, KM, Becker, WJ.Multidisciplinary treatment for headache in the Canadian healthcare setting. Can J Neurol Sci. 2008;35(1): 46–56.Google Scholar
12Maizels, M.Why should physicians care about behavioral research? Headache. 2005 May;45(5):411–3.Google Scholar
13Seshia, SS, Wang, SJ, Abu-Arafeh, I, et al.Chronic daily headache in children and adolescents: A multi-faceted syndrome. Can J Neurol Sci. 2010;37:769–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14Anttila, P, Sourander, A, Metsahonkala, L, Aromaa, M, Helenius, H, Sillanpaa, M.Psychiatric symptoms in children with primary headache. J AmAcad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004 Apr;43(4):412–9.Google Scholar
15Battistutta, S, Aliverti, R, Montico, M, Zin, R, Carrozzi, M.Chronic tension-type headache in adolescents. Clinical and psychological characteristics analyzed through self- and parent-report questionnaires. J Pediatr Psychol. 2009 Aug;34(7):697–706.Google Scholar
16Cathcart, S, Winefield, AH, Lushington, K, Rolan, P.Stress and tension-type headache mechanisms. Cephalalgia. 2010 Oct;30 (10):1250–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17Farmer, K, Dunn, D, Scott, E.Psychological factors in childhood headaches. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2010 Jun;17(2):93–9.Google Scholar
18Feldman, JM, Ortega, AN, Koinis-Mitchell, D, Kuo, AA, Canino, G.Child and family psychiatric and psychological factors associated with child physical health problems: results from the Boricua youth study. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2010 Apr;198(4):272–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19Karwautz, A, Wober, C, Lang, T, et al.Psychosocial factors in children and adolescents with migraine and tension-type headache: A controlled study and review of the literature. Cephalalgia. 1999;19:32–43.Google Scholar
20Galli, F, Canzano, L, Scalisi, TG, Guidetti, V.Psychiatric disorders and headache familial recurrence: a study on 200 children and their parents. J Headache Pain. 2009 Jun;10(3):187–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21Tietjen, GE, Brandes, JL, Peterlin, BL, et al.Childhood maltreatment and migraine (part I). Prevalence and adult revictimization: A multicenter headache clinic survey. Headache. 2010 Jan;50(1):20–31.Google Scholar
22Tietjen, GE, Brandes, JL, Peterlin, BL, et al.Childhood maltreatment and migraine (part II). Emotional abuse as a risk factor for headache chronification. Headache. 2010 Jan;50(1):32–41.Google Scholar
23Apkarian, AV, Bushnell, MC, Treede, RD, Zubieta, JK.Human brain mechanisms of pain perception and regulation in health and disease. Eur J Pain. 2005;9(4):463–84.Google Scholar
24Mouraux, A, Diukova, A, Lee, MC, Wise, RG, Iannetti, GD.A multisensory investigation of the functional significance of the “pain matrix”. Neuroimage. 2011;54(3):2237–49.Google Scholar
25Peyron, R, Laurent, B, Garcia-Larrea, L.Functional imaging of brain responses to pain. A review and meta-analysis. Neurophysiol Clin. 2000;30(5):263–88.Google Scholar
26Sprenger, T, Goadsby, PJ.What has functional neuroimaging done for primary headache … and for the clinical neurologist? J Clin Neurosci. 2010;17(5):547–53.Google Scholar
27Melzack, R, Wall, PD.Pain mechanisms: A new theory. Science. 1965;150(699):971–9.Google Scholar
28Melzack, R.From the gate to the neuromatrix. Pain. 1999;Supp 6:S121–6.Google Scholar
29Goffaux, P, Redmond, WJ, Rainville, P, Marchand, S.Descending analgesia-when the spine echoes what the brain expects. Pain. 2007;130(1-2):137–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30Andrasik, F, Rime, C.Can behavioural therapy influence neuromodulation? Neurol Sci. 2007 May;28 Suppl 2:S124–9.Google Scholar
31Diederich, NJ, Goetz, CG.The placebo treatments in neurosciences: New insights from clinical and neuroimaging studies. Neurology. 2008;71(9):677–84.Google Scholar
32Faria, V, Fredrikson, M, Furmark, T.Imaging the placebo response: a neurofunctional review. Eur Neuropsychopharm. 2008;18(7):473–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33Petrovic, P, Kalso, E, Petersson, KM, Andersson, J, Fransson, P, Ingvar, M.A prefrontal non-opioid mechanism in placebo analgesia. Pain. 2010;150(1):59–65.Google Scholar
34Compas, BE, Boyer, MC.Coping and attention: Implications for child health and pediatric conditions. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2001;22(5):323–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35Piira, T, Hayes, B, Goodenough, B, von Baeyer, CL.Effects of attentional direction, age, and coping style on cold-pressor pain in children. Behav Res Ther. 2006;44(6):835–48.Google Scholar
36von Baeyer, CL, Champion, GD.Commentary: Multiple pains as functional pain syndromes. J Pediatr Psychol. 2011 May;36(4):433–7.Google Scholar
37Ligthart, L, Nyholt, DR, Penninx, WJH, Boomsma, DI.The shared genetics of migraine and anxious depression. Headache. 2010;50(10):1549–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38Seshia, SS, Abu-Arafeh, I, Hershey, AD.Tension-type headache in children: the Cinderella of headache disorders! Can J Neurol Sci. 2009 Nov;36(6):687–95.Google Scholar
39Ashina, S, Bendtsen, L, Ashina, M, Magerl, W, Jensen, R.Generalized hyperalgesia in patients with chronic tension-type headache. Cephalalgia. 2006 Aug;26(8):940–8.Google Scholar
40Anttila, P, Metsähonkala, L, Mikkelsson, M, Helenius, H, Sillanpää, M.Comorbidity of other pains in schoolchildren with migraine or nonmigrainous headache. J Pediatr. 2001;138(2):176–80.Google Scholar
41Andrasik, F, Powers, SW, McGrath, PJ.Methodological considerations in research with special populations: children and adolescents. Headache. 2005 May;45(5):520–5.Google Scholar
42Cvengros, JA, Harper, D, Shevell, M.Pediatric headache: An examination of process variables in treatment. J Child Neurol. 2007 Oct;22(10):1172–81.Google Scholar
43McGrath, PJ.The family is the crucible. Pain. 2008 Jul 31;137(3):471–2.Google Scholar
44Mikail, SF, von Baeyer, CL.Pain, somatic focus, and emotional adjustment in children of chronic headache sufferers and controls. Soc Sci Med. 1990;31:51–9.Google Scholar
45Moon, EC, Chambers, CT, Larochette, AC, Hayton, K, Craig, KD, McGrath, PJ.Sex differences in parent and child pain ratings during an experimental child pain task. Pain Res Manag. 2008 May-Jun;13(3):225–30.Google Scholar
46Trautmann, E, Lackschewitz, H, Kröner-Herwig, B.Psychological treatment of recurrent headache in children and adolescents - a meta-analysis. Cephalalgia. 2006;26(12):1411–26.Google Scholar
47Bailey, B, Daoust, R, Doyon-Trottier, E, Dauphin-Pierre, S, Gravel, J.Validation and properties of the verbal numeric scale in children with acute pain. Pain. 2010;149(2):216–21.Google Scholar
48Voepel-Lewis, T, Burke, CN, Jeffreys, N, Malviya, S, Tait, AR.Do 0-10 numeric rating scores translate into clinically meaningful pain measures for children? Anesth Analg. 2011;112(2):415–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49von Baeyer, CL.Numerical rating scale for self-report of pain intensity in children and adolescents: recent progress and further questions. Eur J Pain. 2009;13(10):1005–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50von Baeyer, CL, Spagrud, LJ, McCormick, JC, Choo, E, Neville, K, Connelly, MA.Three new datasets supporting use of the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS-11) for children’s self-reports of pain intensity. Pain. 2009;143(3):223–7.Google Scholar
51Miró, J, Castarlenas, E, Huguet, A.Evidence for the use of a numerical rating scale to assess the intensity of pediatric pain. Eur J Pain. 2009;13(10):1089–95.Google Scholar
52Tomlinson, D, von Baeyer, CL, Stinson, JN, Sung, L.A systematic review of faces scales for the self-report of pain intensity in children. Pediatrics. 2010;126(5):e1–31.Google Scholar
53Hicks, CL, von Baeyer, CL, Spafford, P, van Korlaar, I, Goodenough, B.The Faces Pain Scale-Revised: Toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement. Pain. 2001;93:173–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
54Savedra, MC, Holzemer, WL, Tesler, MD, Wilkie, DJ.Assessment of postoperation pain in children and adolescents using the adolescent pediatric pain tool. Nurs Res. 1993;42(1):5–9.Google Scholar
55Claar, RL, Walker, LS.Functional assessment of pediatric pain patients: Psychometric properties of the Functional Disability Inventory. Pain. 2006;121(1-2):77–84.Google Scholar
56Walker, LS, Greene, JW.The functional disability inventory: measuring a neglected dimension of child health status. J Pediatr Psychol. 1991 Feb;16(1):39–58.Google Scholar
57Varni, JW, Stucky, BD, Thissen, D, et al.PROMIS pediatric pain interference scale: An item response theory analysis of the pediatric pain item bank. J Pain. 2010;11(11):1109–19.Google Scholar
58Palermo, TM, Witherspoon, D, Valenzuela, D, Drotar, DD.Development and validation of the child activity limitations interview: A measure of pain-related functional impairment in school-age children and adolescents. Pain. 2004;109(3):461–70.Google Scholar
59Hershey, AD, Powers, SW, Vockell, A-B, LeCates, S, Kabbouche, MA, Maynard, MK.PedMIDAS: Development of a questionnaire to assess disability of migraines in children. Neurology. 2001;57(2034):2039.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
60Varni, JW, Seid, M, Rode, CA.The PedsQL: Measurement model for the pediatric quality of life inventory. Med Care. 1999;37(2):126–39.Google Scholar
61Langeveld, JH, Koot, HM, Loonen, MC, Hazebroek-Kampschreur, AA, Passchier, J.A quality of life instrument for adolescents with chronic headache. Cephalalgia. 1996 May;16(3):183–96; discussion 137.Google Scholar
62March, JS, Parker, JD, Sullivan, K, Stallings, P, Conners, CK.The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC): Factor structure, reliability, and validity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997 Apr;36(4):554–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63Reynolds, CR.Multitrait validation of the Revised Children’s ManifestAnxiety Scale for children of high intelligence. Psychol Rep. 1985;56:402.Google Scholar
64Garber, J, Walker, LS, Zeman, J.Somatization symptoms in a community sample of children and adolescents: Further validation of the Children’s Somatization Inventory. J Psychol Assess. 1991;3:588–95.Google Scholar
65Crombez, G, Bijttebier, P, Eccleston, C, et al.The child version of the pain catastrophizing scale (PCS-C): a preliminary validation. Pain. 2003 Aug;104(3):639–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
66Simons, LE, Sieberg, CB, Carpino, E, Logan, D, Berde, C.The Fear of Pain Questionnaire (FOPQ): Assessment of pain-related fear among children and adolescents with chronic pain. J Pain. 2011;12(6):677–86.Google Scholar
67Huguet, A, McGrath, PJ, Pardos, J.Development and preliminary testing of a scale to assess pain-related fear in children and adolescents. J Pain. 2011;12(8):840–8.Google Scholar
68Lake, AE, 3rd. Behavioral and nonpharmacologic treatments of headache. Med Clin North Am. 2001 Jul;85(4):1055–75.Google Scholar
69Powers, SW, Patton, SR, Hommel, KA, Hershey, AD.Quality of life in paediatric migraine: characterization of age-related effects using PedsQL 4.0. Cephalalgia. 2004 Feb;24(2):120–7.Google Scholar
70Kernick, D, Campbell, JC.Measuring the impact of headache in children: a critical review of the literature. Cephalagia. 2009;29:3–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
71Connelly, M, Rapoff, MA, Thompson, N, Connelly, W.Headstrong: A pilot study of a CD-ROM intervention for recurrent pediatric headache. J Pediatr Psychol. 2006;31(7):737–47.Google Scholar
72Griffiths, JD, Martin, PR.Clinical-versus home-based treatment formats for children with chronic headache. Br J Health Psychol. 1996;1:151–66.Google Scholar
73McGrath, PJ, Humphreys, P, Keene, D, et al.The efficacy and efficiency of a self-administered treatment for adolescent migraine. Pain. 1992;49(3):321–4.Google Scholar
74Osterhaus, S, Lange, A, Linssen, W, Passchie, J.A behavioral treatment of young migrainous and nonmigrainous headache patients: prediction of treatment success. Int J Behav Med. 1997;4:378–96.Google Scholar
75Eccleston, C, Malleson, PN, Clinch, J, Connell, H, Sourbut, C.Chronic pain in adolescents: Evaluation of a programme of interdisciplinary cognitive behaviour therapy. Arch Dis Child. 2003;88:881–5.Google Scholar
76Holden, EW, Deichmann, MM, Levy, JD.Empirically supported treatments in pediatric psychology: Recurrent pediatric headache. J Pediatr Psychol. 1999;24(2):91–109.Google Scholar
77Corey, D.Pain. Learning to live without it. Toronto: Macmillan Canada; 2004.Google Scholar
78Magnusson, J, Reiss, C, Werner, B.Effectiveness of a multidisciplinary treatment program for chronic daily headache. Can J Neurol Sci. 2004;31:72–9.Google Scholar
79Larsson, B, Carlsson, J.A school-based, nurse-administered relaxation training for children with chronic tension-type headache. J Pediatr Psychol. 1996;21:603–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
80Larsson, B, Daleflod, B, Hakansson, L, Melin, L.Therapist-assisted versus self-help relaxation treatment of chronic headaches in adolescents: a school-based intervention. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1987;28:127–36.Google Scholar
81Larsson, B, Melin, L.Chronic headaches in adolescent: Treatment in a school setting with relaxation training as compared with information-contact and self-registration. Pain. 1986;25:325–36.Google Scholar
82Emmen, HH, Pasckier, J.Treatment of headache among children by progressive relaxation. Cephalalgia. 1988;7:387–9.Google Scholar
83Engel, JM, Rapoff, MA, Pressman, AR.Long-term follow-up of relaxation training for pediatric headache disorders. Headache. 1992;32:152–6.Google Scholar
84Forsyth, J, Eifert, G.The mindfulness and acceptance workbook for anxiety. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, Inc.; 2007.Google Scholar
85Labbe, EE.Treatment of childhood migraine with autogenic training and skin temperature biofeedback: a component analysis. Headache. 1995;35(10):13.Google Scholar
86Labbe, EE, Williamson, DA.Treatment of childhood migraine using autogenic feedback training. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1984;52:968–76.Google Scholar
87Scharff, L, Marcus, DA, Masek, BJ.A controlled study of minimalcontact thermal biofeedback treatment in children with migraine. J Pediatr Psychol. 2002;27(2):109–19.Google Scholar
88Bussone, G, Grazzi, L, D’Amico, D, Leone, M, Andrasik, F.Biofeedback-assisted relaxation training for young adolescents with tension-type headache: A contolled study. Cephalalgia. 1998;(18):463–7.Google Scholar
89Allen, KD, Shriver, MD.Role of parent-mediated pain behavior management strategies in biofeedback treatment of childhood migraine. Behav Ther. 1998;29:477–90.Google Scholar
90Burke, EJ, Andrasik, F.Home-vs. clinical-based biofeedback treatment for pediatric migraine: Results of treatment through one-year follow-up. Headache. 1989;29:434–40.Google Scholar
91Grazzi, L, Leone, M, Bussone, G.A therapeutic alternative for tension headache in children: Treatment and 1-year follow-up results. Biofeedback Self Regul. 1990;15:1–6.Google Scholar
92Wicksell, RK, Melin, L, Lekander, M, Olsson, GL.Evaluating the effectiveness of exposure and acceptance strategies to improve functioning and quality of life in longstanding pediatric pain - a randomized controlled trial. Pain. 2009;141(3):248–57.Google Scholar
93Hayes, SC, Bissett, RT, Korn, Z., et al.The impact of acceptance versus control rationales on pain tolerance. Psychol Rec. 1999;49:33–47.Google Scholar
94McCracken, LM, Eccleston, C.Coping or acceptance: What to do about chronic pain? Pain. 2003;105:197–204.Google Scholar
95Hayes, SC, Luoma, JB, Bond, FW, Masuda, A, Lillis, J.Acceptance and commitment therapy: Model processes and outcomes. Behav Res Ther. 2006;44:1–25.Google Scholar
96Kohen, DP.Long-term follow-up of self-hypnosis training for recurrent headaches: What the children say. Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 2010 Oct;58(4):417–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
97Kohen, DP, Zajac, R.Self-hypnosis training for headaches in children and adolescents. J Pediatr. 2007 Jun;150(6):635–9.Google Scholar
98Rogovik, A, Goldman, R.Hypnosis for treatment of pain in children. Can Fam Physician. 2007;53:823–5.Google Scholar
99Olness, K, MacDonald, JT, Uden, DL.Comparison of self-hypnosis and propranolol in the treatment of juvenile classice migraine. Pediatrics. 1987;79(4):593–7.Google Scholar
100Nicholson, RA.Chronic headache: the role of the psychologist. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2010 Feb;14(1):47–54.Google Scholar
101Nicholson, RA, Buse, DC, Andrasik, F, Lipton, RB.Nonpharmacologic treatments for migraine and tension-type headache: how to choose and when to use. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2011 Feb;13(1):28–40.Google Scholar
102Beck, AT.Cognitive therapy: Past, present, and future. In: Mahoney, J, editor. Cognitive and constructive psychotherapies: Theory, research, and practice. New York: Springer; 1995. p. 29–40.Google Scholar
103Gil, KM, Carson, A, Redding Lallinger, J, Daeschner, C, Ware, R.Coping skills training in children with sickle cell disease: Daily coping practice predicts treatment effects. J Pediatr Psychol. 2001;26:163–73.Google Scholar
104Haddock, CK, Rowan, AB, Andrasik, F, Wilson, PG, Talcott, GW, Stein, RJ.Home-based behavioral treatments for chronic benign headache: A meta-analysis of controlled trials. Cephalalgia. 1997;17:113–8.Google Scholar
105Powers, SW, Mitchell, MJ, Byars, KC, Bentti, AL, LeCates, SL, Hershey, AD.Apilot study of one-session biofeedback training in pediatric headache. Neurology. 2001;56(1):133.Google Scholar
106Andrasik, F, Grazzi, L, Usai, S, D’Amico, D, Leone, M, Bussone, G.Brief neurologist-administered behavioral treatment of pediatric episodic tension-type headache. Neurology. 2003;60(7):1215–6.Google Scholar
107Napier, DA, Miller, CM, Andrasik, F.Group treatment for recurrent headache. Adv Med Psychother. 1997;9:21–31.Google Scholar
108Ballantyne, J, Fishman, S, Bonica, JJ.Bonica’s management of pain. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2009.Google Scholar
109Sadler, J.Pain relief without drugs: A self-help guide for chronic pain and trauma. Rochester, Vt.: Healing Arts Press; 2007.Google Scholar
110Warfield, CA, Fausett, HJ.Manual of pain management. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002.Google Scholar
111Bourne, E. J.The anxiety and phobia workbook. 5th ed. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications; 2010.Google Scholar
112Allen, KD, McKeen, LR.Home-based multicomponent treatment of pediatric migraine. Headache. 1991;31:467–72.Google Scholar
113Anbar, RD, Zoughbi, GG.Relationship of headache-associated stressors and hypnosis therapy outcome in children: A retrospective chart review. Am J Clin Hypn. 2008 Apr;50(4): 335–41.Google Scholar
114Plotnick, AB, O’Grady, GJ.Hypnotic responsiveness in children. In: Wester, WC, O’Grady, DJ, editors. Clinical hynosis with children. New York: Brunner/Mazel; 1991. p. 19–33.Google Scholar
115Wicksell, RK, Melin, L, Olsson, GL.Exposure and acceptance in the rehabilitation of adolescents with idiopathic chronic pain: Apilot study. Eur J Pain. 2007;11:267–74.Google Scholar
116Claar, RL, Simons, LE, Logan, DE.Parental response to children’s pain: the moderating impact of children’s emotional distress on symptoms and disability. Pain. 2008;138(1):172–9.Google Scholar
117Simons, LE, Claar, RL, Logan, DL.Chronic pain in adolescence: parental responses, adolescent coping, and their impact on adolescent’s pain behaviors. J Pediatr Psychol. 2008;33(8):894–904.Google Scholar
118Sieberg, CB, Williams, S, Simons, LE.Do parent protective responses mediate the relation between parent distress and child functional disability among children with chronic pain? J Pediatr Psychol. 2011;36(9):1043–51.Google Scholar
119McGrath, P.The multidimensional assessment and management of recurrent pain syndromes in children. Behav Res Ther. 1987;25:251–62.Google Scholar
120Chan, E, Piira, T, Betts, G.The school functioning of children with chronic and recurrent pain. Pediatric Pain Letter. 2005;7:11–6.Google Scholar
121Eccleston, C, Crombez, G, Scotford, A, Clinch, J, Connell, H.Adolescent chronic pain: Patterns and predictors of emotional distress in adolescents with chronic pain and their parents. Pain. 2004;108:221–9.Google Scholar
122Sanders, MR, Shepherd, RW, Cleghorn, G, Woolford, H.The treatment of recurrent abdominal pain in children: A controlled comparison of cognitive-behavioral family intervention and standard pediatric care. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1994;62(2):306–14.Google Scholar
123Eccleston, C, Palermo, TM, Williams, AC, Lewandowski, A, Morley, S.Psychological therapies for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009(2).Google Scholar
124Palermo, TM, Eccleston, C, Lewandowski, AS, Williams, AC, Morley, S.Randomized controlled trials of psychological therapies for management of chronic pain in children and adolescents: An updated meta-analytic review. Pain. 2010 Mar;148(3):387–97.Google Scholar
125Nash, JM, McCrory, D, Nicholson, RA, Andrasik, F.Efficacy and effectiveness approaches in behavioral treatment trials. Headache. 2005 May;45(5):507–12.Google Scholar
126Penzien, DB, Andrasik, F, Freidenberg, BM, et al.Guidelines for trials of behavioral treatments for recurrent headache, first edition: American headache society behavioral clinical trials workgroup. Headache. 2005 May;45 Suppl 2:110–32.Google Scholar
127Penzien, DB, Rains, JC, Lipchik, GL, Nicholson, RA, Lake, AE, 3rd, Hursey KG. Future directions in behavioral headache research: Applications for an evolving health care environment. Headache. 2005 May;45(5):526–34.Google Scholar
128Diener, HC, Schorn, CF, Bingel, U, Dodick, DW.The importance of placebo in headache research. Cephalalgia. 2008 Oct;28(10):1003–11.Google Scholar
129Enck, P, Benedetti, F, Schedlowski, M.New insights into the placebo and nocebo responses. Neuron. 2008 Jul 31;59(2):195–206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
130Lewis, DW, Winner, P, Wasiewski, W.The placebo responder rate in children and adolescents. Headache. 2005 Mar;45(3):232–9.Google Scholar
131Zubieta, JK, Stohler, CS.Neurobiological mechanisms of placebo responses. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009 Mar;1156:198–210.Google Scholar
132Rains, JC, Penzien, DB.Behavioral research and the double-blind placebo-controlled methodology: challenges in applying the biomedical standard to behavioral headache research. Headache. 2005;45(5):479–86.Google Scholar
133McGrath, PJ.Commentary: Recurrent headaches: Making what works available to these who need it. J Pediatr Psychol. 1999;24(2):111–12.Google Scholar
134Cuijpers, P, Straten, A, Andersson, G.Internet-administered cognitive behavior therapy for health problems: A systematic review. J Behav Med. 2008;31(2):169–77.Google Scholar
135Kröner-Herwig, B, Denecke, H.Cognitive-behavioral therapy of pediatric headache: Are there differences in efficacy between a therapist-administered group training and a self-help format? J Psychosom Res. 2002;53(6):1107–14.Google Scholar
136Hicks, CL, von Baeyer, CL, McGrath, PJ.Online psychological treatment for pediatric recurrent pain: A randomized evaluation. J Pediatr Psychol. 2006 Aug;31(7):724–36.Google Scholar
137Liu, C, Holroyd, KA, Zhu, Q, Shen, K, Zhou, W.Design and implementation of a behavioral migraine management iPhone app for adolescents with migraine. 2010 IEEE International Symposium on A World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks:1-6. http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1916312Google Scholar
138Rapoff, MA.Adherence to pediatric medical regimens. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1999.Google Scholar
139Quittner, AL, Modi, AC, Lemanek, KL, Ievers-Landis, CE, Rapoff, MA.Evidence-based assessment of adherence to medical treatments in pediatric psychology. J Pediatr Psychol. 2008;33(9):916–36.Google Scholar
140Simons, LE, McCormick, ML, Mee, LL, Blount, RL.Parent and patient perspectives on barriers to medication adherence in adolescent transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplant. 2009;13: 338–47.Google Scholar
141Berkovitch, M, Papadouris, D, Shaw, D, Onuaha, N, Dias, C, Olivieri, MF.Trying to improve compliance with prophylactic penicillin therapy in children with sickle cell disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1998;45:605–7.Google Scholar
142Holzheimer, L, Mohay, H, Masters, IB.Educating young children about asthma: comparing the effectiveness of a developmentally appropriate asthma education video tape and picture book. Child Care Health Dev. 1998;24(1):85–99.Google Scholar
143Hovell, M, Sipan, C, Blumberg, E, et al.Increasing Latino adolescents’ adherence to treatment for latent tuberculosis infection: a controlled trial. Am J Public Health. 2003;93:1871–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
144Kröner-Herwig, B.Psychological treatments for pediatric headache. Expert Rev Neurother. 2011 Mar;11(3):403–10.Google Scholar
145Diener, HC, Gaul, C, Jensen, R, Gobel, H, Heinze, A, Silberstein, S.Integrated headache care. Cephalalgia. 2011 Jul;31(9):1039–47.Google Scholar