Automated insulin delivery (AID) systems have significantly advanced diabetes management, progressively reducing user interactions required for optimal glucose management. This review evaluates the current landscape and future potential of AID …

There is a worldwide epidemic of diabetes. In 2022, the estimated prevalence of diabetes in the United States was 7.6%, with an associated national economic burden of US$412.9 billion [ 1 ]. Foot infections are among the most serious and costly …

In November 2022, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved teplizumab as the first disease-modifying immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes [ 1 ]. Teplizumab is a humanised monoclonal antibody that binds to CD3, an integral part of …

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease caused by insulin deficiency. Current treatments focus on regulating blood glucose levels without addressing the underlying beta cell defect. To cure diabetes, restoring and preserving a functional beta cell …

Androgens and oestrogens differentially regulate metabolic processes that impact the development of type 2 diabetes in women. The biological actions of these sex steroids are, however, dependent on their bioavailability, which is regulated by …

Metformin, the primary treatment for type 2 diabetes, is largely well tolerated but can cause vitamin B ₁₂ deficiency in 5.8–22% [ 1 , 2 ] of patients. The Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DDPOS) showed that combined low and …

Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) is the most common comorbidity in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF), affecting at least 50% of the adult CF population [ 1 ]. Acquiring CFRD is associated with a ~6-fold increase of morbidity and …

All physical education (PE) teachers will, at some point, teach students with type 1 diabetes because it is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in children and adolescents [ 1 , 2 ]. The incidence of type 1 diabetes among those under 15 …

Pancreatic beta cells usually compensate adequately for the insulin resistance that is associated with obesity, but compensation fails in the minority of individuals who develop type 2 diabetes [ 1 , 2 ]. Inflammation is one of multiple mechanisms …

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterised by insulin resistance and progressive decline in beta cell mass and function. During impaired glucose tolerance and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes, beta cell loss is approximately 40% and 63% …

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) provides profound metabolic benefits in type 2 diabetes, surpassing those achieved by lifestyle or pharmaceutical interventions [ 1 – 3 ]. However, its inherent invasiveness and associated risks limit its broad …

Insulin therapy becomes necessary for many individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus as pancreatic beta cell function progressively declines [ 1 ]. It is particularly indicated for those presenting with marked or symptomatic hyperglycaemia [ 2 ].

Type 1 diabetes is caused by autoreactive T cell-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to insufficient insulin levels and hyperglycaemia. Islet macrophages play a key role in the initiation and progression of type 1 diabetes …

Indigenous Peoples are incredibly diverse, with over 476 million individuals and more than 5000 populations in approximately 90 countries worldwide [ 1 ]. Prior to varying experiences of colonisation, many Indigenous Peoples consistently consumed …

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) form the focus of attention in an increasing number of translational research fields, including diabetes [ 1 – 4 ], because of their strong immunomodulatory [ 5 , 6 ] and regenerative [ 7 – 10 ] properties. We have …

Diabetic retinopathy is the most common complication of diabetes mellitus, affecting approximately 22.27% of individuals with diabetes [ 1 ]. It remains a leading cause of visual impairment worldwide [ 2 ]. Clinically, diabetic retinopathy is …

Postprandial glycaemic excursions are the major determinant of ‘average’ glycaemic management (as assessed by measurement of HbA _1c ) in type 2 diabetes, and the dominant factor when HbA _1c is moderately elevated (i.e. <64 mmol/mol [<8%]) [ 1 ].

Environmental factors such as dietary factors have been suggested to play a significant role in islet autoimmunity (IA) and type 1 diabetes development [ 1 ]. Dietary factors may act either as triggers, promotors or inhibitors of autoimmune …

Simultaneous management of glucose levels, lipid profile, BP and body weight is essential for preventing chronic complications in type 2 diabetes and has been consistently associated with a reduction in incident cardiovascular events [ 1 – 5 ].