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Vaginal cancer is a rare malignant disease, approximately accounting for 1%–3% of all gynecologic malignancies [ 1 ]. The dataset indicated that in the USA, an estimated 8070 new cases of vaginal and other genital cancers would be diagnosed in …
Following review by the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA), the following anticancer drugs were approved in Japan on March 23, 2026 [ 1 ]: a) Trastuzumab deruxtecan (HER2-directed antibody-drug conjugate) Indication: HER2-positive …
Lynch syndrome (LS) is an autosomal dominant hereditary disorder caused by germline pathogenic variants in mismatch repair (MMR) genes such as MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 , and PMS2 . Carriers of germline pathogenic variants in these causative genes have a …
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide; however, treatment advances have increased the number of individuals who have been cured or are living in remission. This trend is also evident in older adults, for whom rising comorbidities accompany …
Cholangiocarcinoma is a rare disease with a poor prognosis and a reported 5-year overall survival rate of < 50% [ 1 ]. The association between cholangiocarcinoma and body composition, especially obesity, has gained interest. In general, excessive …
Brain metastasis (BM) represents the most frequent intracranial malignant tumors in adults. Despite remarkable advances in systemic therapies and radiation techniques, surgical removal of BM continues to play an essential role in the management of …
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common malignancies among men worldwide and in Japan [ 1 , 2 ]. Definitive treatment modalities for localized PCa, including active surveillance, surgical intervention, and radiation therapy (RT), have …
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a prevalent malignancy that poses a significant threat to global health [ 1 , 2 ]. In China and some Western countries, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NRCT) is considered the standard treatment for …
Ovarian cancer is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage [ 1 , 2 ], with poor 5-year survival rates of 54% and 37% for stages III and IV, respectively [ 3 ]. The initial treatment of advanced ovarian cancer involves either maximal cytoreductive …
Prostate cancer is the second most frequent cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer death in men, with 1.5 million new cases and an estimated 397,000 deaths worldwide in 2022 [ 1 ]. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) …
Surgical resection remains the cornerstone of curative treatment for colorectal cancer. Two main frameworks currently define oncologic resection and lymph node dissection (LND) quality: complete mesocolic excision (CME) with central vascular …
Diffuse midline glioma with the H3K27M mutation was introduced as a distinct entity in the 2016 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System [ 1 ]. In general, diffuse midline gliomas are typically located in the …
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cancer in China and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths [ 1 ]. Surgery is the most frequently employed treatment for CRC, and in recent years, the 5 year survival rate of CRC patients …
In addition to bilateral adnexal resection, total hysterectomy, and omentectomy for malignant ovarian tumors, pelvic and para-aortic lymph node dissection, ascitic (peritoneal) cytology, and intraperitoneal exploration are performed to determine …
Cancers of unknown primary (CUPs) comprise metastatic cancers whose origin cannot be identified despite standard diagnostic work-ups [ 1 ]. They account for 2–5% of new cancers globally [ 2 ], with adenocarcinoma being the most common histological …
Recent advances in endoscopic imaging technologies, including narrow-band imaging (NBI) [ 1 – 4 ], together with the increasing tendency for gastrointestinal endoscopists to routinely observe the pharyngo-laryngeal region during examinations [ 5 – …
Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is a common complication observed in approximately 15% patients with advanced malignancies [ 1 ]. MPE leads to progressive dyspnea due to fluid accumulation in the pleural space, resulting in significant …
Hereditary colorectal cancer (HCRC), arising from pathogenic germline variants, accounts for 5–10% of all CRCs. The widespread clinical adoption of next-generation sequencing (NGS) and multigene panel testing (MGPT) has fundamentally transformed …
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) accounts for the vast majority of oral malignancies and remains a major global health burden. Outcomes are tightly linked to stage at diagnosis; delays at the level of patient presentation and health-system …