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Current Cardiology Reports

Echoes of Inequity: A Critical Examination of the Past, Present, and Future of Cardiac Health Equity

  • Open Access
  • 01-12-2025
  • Heart Failure
  • Diversity and Health Equity in Cardiology (AE Johnson, Section Editor)
Published in:
Authors
Toluwalase Awoyemi
Cedrick Mutebi
Quentin R. Youmans
Ike S. Okwuosa
Clyde W. Yancy
Kamari Ositelu
Published in
Current Cardiology Reports | Issue 1/2025

Abstract

Purpose of review

This review explores the historical, structural, and biological foundations of cardiovascular (CV) health inequities in the U.S. It examines how disparities by ancestry, sex, geography, income, immigration status, and race have emerged, persisted, and, in some cases, worsened while evaluating strategies for advancing equity.

Recent findings

Despite progress in prevention and treatment, key disparities remain entrenched. Structural inequities, socioeconomic exclusion, and underrepresentation in research continue to shape outcomes. Social adversity is increasingly understood to exert biological effects through mechanisms such as chronic stress, cardio-kidney-metabolic dysfunction, and epigenetic aging. Novel tools, including place-based deprivation indices, precision risk prediction models, and community-driven interventions offer actionable pathways forward but remain underutilized or unevenly implemented.

Summary

Cardiac health equity requires more than clinical innovation; it demands structural reform, inclusive science, and equity-centered implementation. Future solutions must embed social context into care, research, and policy to drive durable, population-level impact.
Title
Echoes of Inequity: A Critical Examination of the Past, Present, and Future of Cardiac Health Equity
Authors
Toluwalase Awoyemi
Cedrick Mutebi
Quentin R. Youmans
Ike S. Okwuosa
Clyde W. Yancy
Kamari Ositelu
Publication date
01-12-2025
Publisher
Springer US
Keyword
Heart Failure
Published in
Current Cardiology Reports / Issue 1/2025
Print ISSN: 1523-3782
Electronic ISSN: 1534-3170
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-025-02275-y
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This content is intended for healthcare professionals outside of the UK.

Independent Medical Education Grant:
  • Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Learn more Link opens in a new window
Image Credits
Abstract graphic of layered, concentric circular shapes in bright green, pink, blue, and purple on a dark blue background. The rings and segments form a complex radial pattern without text/© Springer Health+ IME