Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Anesthesiology Cardiology Dermatology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology General Medicine Geriatrics Hematology Infectious Diseases Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Obstetrics and Gynecology Oncology Pediatrics Psychiatry Radiology Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery Urology
Congress Coverage
2024 ESMO Congress 2024 ERS Congress 2024 EASD Congress 2024 ESC Congress 2024 EAN Congress 2024 ASCO Annual Meeting 2024 ACC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on modern management of frailty

LIVE: Thursday 17th October 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

Frailty has a significant impact on health and wellbeing, especially in older adults. Join our experts to understand the factors that contribute to the development of frailty and find out how to manage the condition and reduce the risk of disability, dependency, and mortality.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
American Journal of Clinical Dermatology

30-09-2024 | Erythroderma | Review Article

Deciphering the Etiologies of Adult Erythroderma: An Updated Guide to Presentations, Diagnostic Tools, Pathophysiologies, and Treatments

Authors: Yanzhen Pang, William Q. Nguyen, Liliana I. Guerrero, Lauren P. Chrisman, Madeline J. Hooper, Morgan C. McCarthy, Molly K. Hales, Rachel E. Lipman, Amy S. Paller, Joan Guitart, Xiaolong A. Zhou

Published in: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology

Login to get access

Abstract

Erythroderma, an inflammatory skin condition characterized by widespread erythema with variable degrees of exfoliation, pustulation, or vesiculobullous formation, is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Determining the underlying cause of erythroderma frequently presents a diagnostic challenge, which may contribute to the condition’s relatively poor prognosis. This review covers the clinical presentation, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of erythroderma. It discusses similarities and differences among the many underlying etiologies of the condition and differences between erythrodermic and non-erythrodermic presentations of the same dermatosis. Finally, this article explores current research that may provide future tools in the diagnosis and management of erythroderma.
Literature
1.
2.
Heinrich M, Cook E, Roach J, Juarez RM, Payne D, Atkins R, Stetson C. Erythrodermic psoriasis secondary to systemic corticosteroids. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2020;33(1):113–4.PubMed
3.
Hulmani M, Nandakishore B, Bhat MR, Sukumar D, Martis J, Kamath G, Srinath MK. Clinico-etiological study of 30 erythroderma cases from tertiary center in South India. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2014;5(1):25–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
4.
Fitzpatrick TB, Wolff K. Fitzpatrick’s dermatology in general medicine. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical; 2008.
5.
Wilson DC, Jester JD, King LE Jr. Erythroderma and exfoliative dermatitis. Clin Dermatol. 1993;11(1):67–72.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Wilson HT. Exfoliative dermatitis; its etiology and prognosis. AMA Arch Derm Syphilol. 1954;69(5):577–88.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Nicolis GD, Helwig EB. Exfoliative dermatitis. A clinicopathologic study of 135 cases. Arch Dermatol. 1973;108(6):788–97.PubMedCrossRef
8.
King LE Jr, Dufresne RG Jr, Lovett GL, Rosin MA. Erythroderma: review of 82 cases. South Med J. 1986;79(10):1210–5.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Wong KS, Wong SN, Tham SN, Giam YC. Generalised exfoliative dermatitis—a clinical study of 108 patients. Ann Acad Med Singap. 1988;17(4):520–3.PubMed
10.
Botella-Estrada R, Sanmartin O, Oliver V, Febrer I, Aliaga A. Erythroderma. A clinicopathological study of 56 cases. Arch Dermatol. 1994;130(12):1503–7.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Rym BM, Mourad M, Bechir Z, Dalenda E, Faika C, Iadh AM, Amel BO. Erythroderma in adults: a report of 80 cases. Int J Dermatol. 2005;44(9):731–5.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Tso S, Satchwell F, Moiz H, Hari T, Dhariwal S, Barlow R, et al. Erythroderma (exfoliative dermatitis). Part 1: underlying causes, clinical presentation and pathogenesis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2021;46(6):1001–10.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Hasan T, Jansen CT. Erythroderma: a follow-up of fifty cases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1983;8(6):836–40.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Pal S, Haroon TS. Erythroderma: a clinico-etiologic study of 90 cases. Int J Dermatol. 1998;37(2):104–7.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Sehgal VN, Srivastava G. Exfoliative dermatitis. A prospective study of 80 patients. Dermatologica. 1986;173(6):278–84.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Sigurdsson V, Toonstra J, Hezemans-Boer M, van Vloten WA. Erythroderma. A clinical and follow-up study of 102 patients, with special emphasis on survival. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;35(1):53–7.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Eugster R, Kissling S, Brand CU. [Clinical aspects and etiology of erythroderma: an analysis of 64 cases]. Praxis (Bern 1994). 2001;90(35):1449–54.PubMed
18.
Leenutaphong V, Kulthanan K, Pohboon C, Suthipinittharn P, Sivayathorn A, Sunthonpalin P. Erythroderma in Thai patients. J Med Assoc Thai. 1999;82(8):743–8.PubMed
19.
Thestrup-Pedersen K, Halkier-Sorensen L, Sogaard H, Zachariae H. The red man syndrome. Exfoliative dermatitis of unknown etiology: a description and follow-up of 38 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1988;18(6):1307–12.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Morar N, Dlova N, Gupta AK, Naidoo DK, Aboobaker J, Ramdial PK. Erythroderma: a comparison between HIV positive and negative patients. Int J Dermatol. 1999;38(12):895–900.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Abrahams I, Mc CJ, Sanders SL. 101 cases of exfoliative dermatitis. Arch Dermatol. 1963;87:96–101.PubMedCrossRef
22.
23.
Vasconcellos C, Domingues PP, Aoki V, Miyake RK, Sauaia N, Martins JE. Erythroderma: analysis of 247 cases. Rev Saude Publ. 1995;29(3):177–82.CrossRef
24.
Rothe MJ, Bernstein ML, Grant-Kels JM. Life-threatening erythroderma: diagnosing and treating the “red man.” Clin Dermatol. 2005;23(2):206–17.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Sigurdsson V, Toonstra J, van Vloten WA. Idiopathic erythroderma: a follow-up study of 28 patients. Dermatology. 1997;194(2):98–101.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Bolognia J. Erythroderma. In: Schaffer JV, Lorenzo C, editors. Dermatology. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2018.
27.
Kanthraj GR, Srinivas CR, Devi PU, Ganasoundari A, Shenoi SD, Deshmukh RP, et al. Quantitative estimation and recommendations for supplementation of protein lost through scaling in exfoliative dermatitis. Int J Dermatol. 1999;38(2):91–5.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Kluger N, Bessis D, Guillot B, Girard C. Acute respiratory distress syndrome complicating generalized pustular psoriasis (psoriasis-associated aseptic pneumonitis). J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;64(6):1154–8.PubMedCrossRef
29.
McGregor JM, Barker JN, MacDonald DM. Pulmonary capillary leak syndrome complicating generalized pustular psoriasis: possible role of cytokines. Br J Dermatol. 1991;125(5):472–4.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Noure L, Kucuk K, Simeni Njonnou SR, Del Marmol V, White JM, Bondue B. Respiratory distress syndrome associated with erythrodermic psoriasis. Case Rep Dermatol. 2021;13(1):83–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
31.
Green MS, Prystowsky JH, Cohen SR, Cohen JI, Lebwohl MG. Infectious complications of erythrodermic psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;34(5 Pt 2):911–4.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Talpur R, Bassett R, Duvic M. Prevalence and treatment of Staphylococcus aureus colonization in patients with mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159(1):105–12.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Garg G, Thami GP. Psoriasis herpeticum due to varicella zoster virus: a Kaposi’s varicelliform eruption in erythrodermic psoriasis. Indian J Dermatol. 2012;57(3):213–4.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
34.
Guglielmo A, Patrizi A, Bardazzi F, Pileri A. Erythroderma: psoriasis or lymphoma? A diagnostic challenge and therapeutic pitfall. Ital J Dermatol Venerol. 2022;157(2):154–7.PubMed
35.
Vangipuram R, Tyring SK. Dupilumab for moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis. Skin Ther Lett. 2017;22(6):1–4.
36.
Stuver R, Geller S. Advances in the treatment of mycoses fungoides and Sezary syndrome: a narrative update in skin-directed therapies and immune-based treatments. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1284045.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
37.
Espinosa ML, Nguyen MT, Aguirre AS, Martinez-Escala ME, Kim J, Walker CJ, et al. Progression of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma after dupilumab: case review of 7 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;83(1):197–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
38.
Nguyen M, LeWitt T, Pang Y, Bagnowski K, Espinosa ML, Choi J, et al. Lifestyle, demographic and Skindex measures associated with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: a single institution cohort study. Arch Dermatol Res. 2023;315(2):275–8.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Mehta-Shah N, Horwitz SM, Ansell S, Ai WZ, Barnes J, Barta SK, et al. NCCN guidelines insights: primary cutaneous lymphomas, version 2.2020. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2020;18(5):522–36.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Moy AP, Murali M, Kroshinsky D, Duncan LM, Nazarian RM. Immunologic overlap of helper T-cell subtypes 17 and 22 in erythrodermic psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. JAMA Dermatol. 2015;151(7):753–60.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Cetinozman F, Jansen PM, Willemze R. Expression of programmed death-1 in skin biopsies of benign inflammatory vs. lymphomatous erythroderma. Br J Dermatol. 2014;171(3):499–504.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Weiss LM, Wood GS, Hu E, Abel EA, Hoppe RT, Sklar J. Detection of clonal T-cell receptor gene rearrangements in the peripheral blood of patients with mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome. J Invest Dermatol. 1989;92(4):601–4.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Whittaker SJ, Smith NP, Jones RR, Luzzatto L. Analysis of beta, gamma, and delta T-cell receptor genes in mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome. Cancer. 1991;68(7):1572–82.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Ortonne N, Huet D, Gaudez C, Marie-Cardine A, Schiavon V, Bagot M, et al. Significance of circulating T-cell clones in Sezary syndrome. Blood. 2006;107(10):4030–8.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Sigurdsson V, Steegmans PH, van Vloten WA. The incidence of erythroderma: a survey among all dermatologists in The Netherlands. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;45(5):675–8.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Vonderheid EC. On the diagnosis of erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Cutan Pathol. 2006;33(Suppl 1):27–42.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Gniadecki R, Lukowsky A. Monoclonal T-cell dyscrasia of undetermined significance associated with recalcitrant erythroderma. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141(3):361–7.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Deeva I, Mariani S, De Luca C, Pacifico V, Leoni L, Raskovic D, et al. Wide-spectrum profile of inflammatory mediators in the plasma and scales of patients with psoriatic disease. Cytokine. 2010;49(2):163–70.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Li LF, Sujan SA, Yang H, Wang WH. Serum immunoglobulins in psoriatic erythroderma. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2005;30(2):125–7.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zhang P, Chen HX, Duan YQ, Wang WZ, Zhang TZ, Li JW, Tu YT. Analysis of Th1/Th2 response pattern for erythrodermic psoriasis. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technol Med Sci. 2014;34(4):596–601.CrossRef
51.
Sigurdsson V, de Vries IJ, Toonstra J, Bihari IC, Thepen T, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, van Vloten WA. Expression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin, and P-selectin on endothelium in situ in patients with erythroderma, mycosis fungoides and atopic dermatitis. J Cutan Pathol. 2000;27(9):436–40.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Groves RW, Kapahi P, Barker JN, Haskard DO, MacDonald DM. Detection of circulating adhesion molecules in erythrodermic skin disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995;32(1):32–6.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Pang Y, Nguyen W, Chrisman L, Evans ST, Ren Z, Guitart J, et al. Skin microbial and proteomic landscapes of benign and malignant erythrodermas. Dallas, TX: Society of Investigative Dermatology; 2024.CrossRef
54.
55.
Emge DA, Bassett RL, Duvic M, Huen AO. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important pathogen in erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) patients. Arch Dermatol Res. 2020;312(4):283–8.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Kobayashi T, Glatz M, Horiuchi K, Kawasaki H, Akiyama H, Kaplan DH, et al. Dysbiosis and Staphylococcus aureus colonization drives inflammation in atopic dermatitis. Immunity. 2015;42(4):756–66.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
57.
Patel A, Venter F, Grewal K, Sharma R, Petersen G, Heidari A. Erythrodermic psoriasis and staph-infective endocarditis—a conundrum in succession. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep. 2022;10:23247096221105244.PubMedPubMedCentral
58.
Lo Y, Chiu HY, Tsai TF. Clinical features and genetic polymorphism in chinese patients with erythrodermic psoriasis in a single dermatologic clinic. Mol Diagn Ther. 2020;24(1):85–93.PubMedCrossRef
59.
60.
Wang H, Wang S, Li L, Wang X, Liu C, Lu M, et al. Involvement of the cytokine TWEAK in the pathogenesis of psoriasis vulgaris, pustular psoriasis, and erythrodermic psoriasis. Cytokine. 2021;138: 155391.PubMedCrossRef
61.
62.
Johnston A, Xing X, Wolterink L, Barnes DH, Yin Z, Reingold L, et al. IL-1 and IL-36 are dominant cytokines in generalized pustular psoriasis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140(1):109–20.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Mohammad S, Karim MR, Iqbal S, Lee JH, Mathiyalagan R, Kim YJ, et al. Atopic dermatitis: pathophysiology, microbiota, and metabolome—a comprehensive review. Microbiol Res. 2024;281: 127595.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Tramontana M, Hansel K, Bianchi L, Sensini C, Malatesta N, Stingeni L. Advancing the understanding of allergic contact dermatitis: from pathophysiology to novel therapeutic approaches. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023;10:1184289.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Tucker D, Masood S. Seborrheic dermatitis. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls; 2024.
66.
Pichler WJ, Adam J, Daubner B, Gentinetta T, Keller M, Yerly D. Drug hypersensitivity reactions: pathomechanism and clinical symptoms. Med Clin North Am. 2010;94(4):645–64.PubMedCrossRef
67.
McKee PH. Cutaneous adverse reactions to drugs. In: Calonje E, Brenn T, Lazar A, editors. McKee’s pathology of the skin: with clinical correlations. 4th ed. Edinburgh: Saunders; 2012.
68.
69.
Parisi R, Shah H, Navarini AA, Muehleisen B, Ziv M, Shear NH, Dodiuk-Gad RP. Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis: clinical features, differential diagnosis, and management. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2023;24(4):557–75.PubMedCrossRef
70.
71.
Chicharro P, Rodriguez-Jimenez P, De la Fuente H, Fraga-Fernandez J, Cibrian D, Sanchez-Madrid F, Dauden E. Mixed profile of cytokines in paradoxical eczematous eruptions associated with anti-IL-17 therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(10):3619–21.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Nakamura M, Lee K, Singh R, Zhu TH, Farahnik B, Abrouk M, et al. Eczema as an adverse effect of anti-TNFalpha therapy in psoriasis and other Th1-mediated diseases: a review. J Dermatol Treat. 2017;28(3):237–41.CrossRef
73.
Garel B, Ingen-Housz-Oro S, Afriat D, Prost-Squarcioni C, Tetart F, Bensaid B, et al. Drug-induced linear immunoglobulin A bullous dermatosis: a French retrospective pharmacovigilance study of 69 cases. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2019;85(3):570–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
74.
Willemze R, Cerroni L, Kempf W, Berti E, Facchetti F, Swerdlow SH, Jaffe ES. The 2018 update of the WHO-EORTC classification for primary cutaneous lymphomas. Blood. 2019;133(16):1703–14.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
75.
Kalliara E, Belfrage E, Gullberg U, Drott K, Ek S. Spatially guided and single cell tools to map the microenvironment in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Cancers (Basel). 2023;15(8):2362.PubMedCrossRef
76.
Gumina ME, Hooper MJ, Zhou XA, Koralov SB. Role of antigenic stimulation in cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. J Invest Dermatol. 2023;144(4):755–63.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Willerslev-Olsen A, Krejsgaard T, Lindahl LM, Bonefeld CM, Wasik MA, Koralov SB, et al. Bacterial toxins fuel disease progression in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Toxins (Basel). 2013;5(8):1402–21.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Zhang Y, Seminario-Vidal L, Cohen L, Hussaini M, Yao J, Rutenberg D, et al. Alterations in the skin microbiota are associated with symptom severity in mycosis fungoides. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;12: 850509.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
79.
Lindahl LM, Willerslev-Olsen A, Gjerdrum LMR, Nielsen PR, Blumel E, Rittig AH, et al. Antibiotics inhibit tumor and disease activity in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2019;134(13):1072–83.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
80.
Fuchs-Telem D, Sarig O, van Steensel MA, Isakov O, Israeli S, Nousbeck J, et al. Familial pityriasis rubra pilaris is caused by mutations in CARD14. Am J Hum Genet. 2012;91(1):163–70.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
81.
Joshi TP, Duvic M. Pityriasis rubra pilaris: an updated review of clinical presentation, etiopathogenesis, and treatment options. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2024;25(2):243–59.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Mellett M, Meier B, Mohanan D, Schairer R, Cheng P, Satoh TK, et al. CARD14 gain-of-function mutation alone is sufficient to drive IL-23/IL-17-mediated psoriasiform skin inflammation in vivo. J Invest Dermatol. 2018;138(9):2010–23.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Wang M, Zhang S, Zheng G, Huang J, Songyang Z, Zhao X, Lin X. Gain-of-function mutation of Card14 leads to spontaneous psoriasis-like skin inflammation through enhanced keratinocyte response to IL-17A. Immunity. 2018;49(1):66–79.PubMedCrossRef
84.
Miyauchi T, Suzuki S, Takeda M, Peh JT, Aiba M, Natsuga K, et al. Altered replication stress response due to CARD14 mutations promotes recombination-induced revertant mosaicism. Am J Hum Genet. 2021;108(6):1026–39.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
85.
Miyamoto D, Sotto MN, Otani CS, Fukumori LM, Pereira NV, Santi CG, et al. Increased serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in pemphigus foliaceus patients with erythroderma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017;31(2):333–6.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Norikawa N, Igari S, Ishikawa M, Mori T, Hiraiwa T, Kikuchi N, et al. Six cases of erythrodermic pemphigus foliaceus: a case report. Case Rep Dermatol. 2022;14(3):258–63.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
87.
Ameglio F, D’Auria L, Cordiali-Fei P, Mussi A, Valenzano L, D’Agosto G, et al. Bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus vulgaris: correlated behaviour of serum VEGF, sE-selectin and TNF-alpha levels. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 1997;11(4):148–53.PubMed
88.
Brown LF, Harrist TJ, Yeo KT, Stahle-Backdahl M, Jackman RW, Berse B, et al. Increased expression of vascular permeability factor (vascular endothelial growth factor) in bullous pemphigoid, dermatitis herpetiformis, and erythema multiforme. J Invest Dermatol. 1995;104(5):744–9.PubMedCrossRef
89.
90.
Banchereau J, Pascual V. Type I interferon in systemic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases. Immunity. 2006;25(3):383–92.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Braunstein I, Klein R, Okawa J, Werth VP. The interferon-regulated gene signature is elevated in subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and discoid lupus erythematosus and correlates with the cutaneous lupus area and severity index score. Br J Dermatol. 2012;166(5):971–5.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
92.
Miyagawa F, Tagaya Y, Ozato K, Asada H. Essential requirement for IFN regulatory factor 7 in autoantibody production but not development of nephritis in murine lupus. J Immunol. 2016;197(6):2167–76.PubMedCrossRef
93.
Tsoi LC, Hile GA, Berthier CC, Sarkar MK, Reed TJ, Liu J, et al. Hypersensitive IFN Responses in Lupus Keratinocytes Reveal Key Mechanistic Determinants in Cutaneous Lupus. J Immunol. 2019;202(7):2121–30.PubMedCrossRef
94.
Law C, Wacleche VS, Cao Y, Pillai A, Sowerby J, Hancock B, et al. Interferon subverts an AHR-JUN axis to promote CXCL13(+) T cells in lupus. Nature. 2024;632(8025):E6.PubMedCrossRef
95.
DeWane ME, Waldman R, Lu J. Dermatomyositis: clinical features and pathogenesis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;82(2):267–81.PubMedCrossRef
96.
Tang KY, Jin HZ. Erythrodermic dermatomyositis with anti-TIF1-gamma antibodies. Int J Dermatol. 2024;63(9):1274–6.PubMedCrossRef
97.
98.
Kim SW, Kang YS, Park SH, Lee UH, Park HS, Jang SJ. A case of erythrodermic dermatomyositis associated with gastric cancer. Ann Dermatol. 2009;21(4):435–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
99.
Maruani A, Armingaud P, Nseir A, Luthier F, Esteve E. Erythroderma and multiple cutaneous necrosis revealing a dermatomyositis. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2003;130(3):353–6.PubMed
100.
Nousari HC, Kimyai-Asadi A, Spegman DJ. Paraneoplastic dermatomyositis presenting as erythroderma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;39(4 Pt 1):653–4.PubMedCrossRef
101.
Wong KO. Dermatomyositis: a clinical investigation of twenty-three cases in Hong Kong. Br J Dermatol. 1969;81(7):544–7.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Lupton JR, Figueroa P, Berberian BJ, Sulica VI. An unusual presentation of dermatomyositis: the type Wong variant revisited. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;43(5 Pt 2):908–12.PubMedCrossRef
103.
Caporali R, Cavagna L, Bellosta M, Bogliolo L, Montecucco C. Inflammatory myopathy in a patient with cutaneous findings of pityriasis rubra pilaris: a case of Wong’s dermatomyositis. Clin Rheumatol. 2004;23(1):63–5.PubMedCrossRef
104.
Beckum KM, Gavino AC, Marks S, Andea AA, Elewski BE. Wong type dermatomyositis: 20th case reported. J Drugs Dermatol. 2010;9(12):1475–6.PubMed
105.
Canavan T, Sidorsky T, Doan LT, Ricardo-Gonzalez RR, Shen G, Rosenblum MD. A case of Wong-type dermatomyositis with concomitant anti-MDA5 features. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;70(3):e62–4.PubMedCrossRef
106.
Eltawansy SA, Agrawal A, Modi A, Hassanien S, Zhang B, Pei Z, Ghali W. Exfoliative erythroderma as a paraneoplastic presentation of adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2015;6(2):E26–9.PubMedPubMedCentral
107.
Arandes-Marcocci J, Iglesias-Sancho M, Seto-Torrent N, Fernandez-Figueras MT. Erythroderma as first manifestation of squamous cell lung cancer: rare case report. An Bras Dermatol. 2020;95(1):67–70.PubMedCrossRef
108.
Lewis HM, Shahsavari A, Sathe NC, Goodman MB. Papuloerythroderma of Ofuji. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls; 2024.
109.
Maher AM, Ward CE, Glassman S, Litvinov IV. The importance of excluding cutaneous T-cell lymphomas in patients with a working diagnosis of papuloerythroderma of Ofuji: a case series. Case Rep Dermatol. 2018;10(1):46–54.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
110.
Pereiro M Jr, Sanchez-Aguilar D, Pereiro Ferreiros MM, Amrouni B, Toribio J. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: an expression of papuloerythroderma of Ofuji. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2003;17(2):240–1.PubMedCrossRef
111.
Martinez-Barranca ML, Munoz-Perez MA, Garcia-Morales I, Fernandez-Crehuet JL, Segura J, Camacho F. Ofuji papuloerythroderma evolving to cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2005;19(1):104–6.PubMedCrossRef
112.
Shimauchi T, Ohshima A, Tokura Y. Folliculotropic mycosis fungoides presenting as papuloerythroderma. J Dermatol. 2006;33(7):498–500.PubMedCrossRef
113.
Suh KS, Kim HC, Chae YS, Kim ST. Ofuji papuloerythroderma associated with follicular mucinosis in mycosis fungoides. J Dermatol. 1998;25(3):185–9.PubMedCrossRef
114.
Shah M, Reid WA, Layton AM. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma presenting as papuloerythroderma—a case and review of the literature. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1995;20(2):161–3.PubMedCrossRef
115.
Hur J, Seong JY, Choi TS, Jang JG, Jang MS, Suh KS, Kim ST. Mycosis fungoides presenting as Ofuji’s papuloerythroderma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2002;16(4):393–6.PubMedCrossRef
116.
117.
Sawada Y, Hino R, Hama K, Ohmori S, Fueki H, Yamada S, et al. Type of skin eruption is an independent prognostic indicator for adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Blood. 2011;117(15):3961–7.PubMedCrossRef
118.
John CC, Niermann M, Sharon B, Peterson ML, Kranz DM, Schlievert PM. Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome erythroderma is associated with superantigenicity and hypersensitivity. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(12):1893–6.PubMedCrossRef
119.
Yamasaki O, Yamaguchi T, Sugai M, Chapuis-Cellier C, Arnaud F, Vandenesch F, et al. Clinical manifestations of staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome depend on serotypes of exfoliative toxins. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43(4):1890–3.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
120.
Valenzuela F, Fernandez J, Sanchez M, Zamudio A. Erythrodermic psoriasis and human immunodeficiency virus: association and therapeutic challenges. An Bras Dermatol. 2018;93(3):438–40.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
121.
Chandler DJ, Fuller LC. A review of scabies: an infestation more than skin deep. Dermatology. 2019;235(2):79–90.PubMedCrossRef
122.
Przepiorka D, Weisdorf D, Martin P, Klingemann HG, Beatty P, Hows J, Thomas ED. 1994 Consensus conference on acute GVHD grading. Bone Marrow Transpl. 1995;15(6):825–8.
123.
Hong J, Fraebel J, Yang Y, Tkacyk E, Kitko C, Kim TK. Understanding and treatment of cutaneous graft-versus-host-disease. Bone Marrow Transpl. 2023;58(12):1298–313.CrossRef
124.
Carlson MJ, West ML, Coghill JM, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Blazar BR, Serody JS. In vitro-differentiated TH17 cells mediate lethal acute graft-versus-host disease with severe cutaneous and pulmonary pathologic manifestations. Blood. 2009;113(6):1365–74.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
125.
Choi J, Ziga ED, Ritchey J, Collins L, Prior JL, Cooper ML, et al. IFNgammaR signaling mediates alloreactive T-cell trafficking and GVHD. Blood. 2012;120(19):4093–103.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
126.
Devereaux D, Tewelde SZ. Hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2014;32(2):277–92.PubMedCrossRef
127.
Zemtsov A, Elks M, Shehata B. Thyrotoxicosis presenting as generalized pruritic exfoliative dermatitis and fever. Dermatology. 1992;184(2):157.PubMedCrossRef
128.
Bartalena L, Fatourechi V. Extrathyroidal manifestations of Graves’ disease: a 2014 update. J Endocrinol Invest. 2014;37(8):691–700.PubMedCrossRef
129.
130.
Brand N, Petkovich M, Krust A, Chambon P, de The H, Marchio A, et al. Identification of a second human retinoic acid receptor. Nature. 1988;332(6167):850–3.PubMedCrossRef
131.
Mukherjee S, Date A, Patravale V, Korting HC, Roeder A, Weindl G. Retinoids in the treatment of skin aging: an overview of clinical efficacy and safety. Clin Interv Aging. 2006;1(4):327–48.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
132.
Yarmohammadi H, Cunningham-Rundles C. Idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia: pathogenesis, etiologies, clinical presentations and treatment strategies. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2017;119(4):374–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
133.
Griffiths TW, Stevens SR, Cooper KD. Acute erythroderma as an exclusion criterion for idiopathic CD4+ T lymphocytopenia. Arch Dermatol. 1994;130(12):1530–3.PubMedCrossRef
134.
Lefevre G, Copin MC, Staumont-Salle D, Avenel-Audran M, Aubert H, Taieb A, et al. The lymphoid variant of hypereosinophilic syndrome: study of 21 patients with CD3-CD4+ aberrant T-cell phenotype. Medicine (Baltimore). 2014;93(17):255–66.PubMedCrossRef
135.
Ohga Y, Bayaraa B, Imafuku S. Therapeutic options and prognosis of chronic idiopathic erythroderma in older adults. Dermatol Ther. 2019;32(4): e12977.PubMedCrossRef
136.
Nakano-Tahara M, Terao M, Nishioka M, Kitaba S, Murota H, Katayama I. T helper 2 polarization in senile erythroderma with elevated levels of TARC and IgE. Dermatology. 2015;230(1):62–9.PubMedCrossRef
137.
Ohga Y, Bayaraa B, Imafuku S. Chronic idiopathic erythroderma of elderly men is an independent entity that has a distinct TARC/IgE profile from adult atopic dermatitis. Int J Dermatol. 2018;57(6):670–4.PubMedCrossRef
138.
Plachouri KM, Georgiou S. Paraneoplastic erythroderma: an insight on the existing data. Int J Dermatol. 2020;59(12):1429–36.PubMedCrossRef
139.
Navrotski BRF, Nihi FM, Camilleri MJ, Cerci FB. Wet wrap dressings as a rescue therapy option for erythrodermic psoriasis. An Bras Dermatol. 2018;93(4):598–600.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
140.
Tso S, Moiz H, Satchwell F, Hari T, Dhariwal S, Barlow R, et al. Erythroderma (exfoliative dermatitis). Part 2: energy homeostasis and dietetic management strategies. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2021;46(6):1011–5.PubMedCrossRef
141.
Rosenbach M, Hsu S, Korman NJ, Lebwohl MG, Young M, Bebo BF Jr, et al. Treatment of erythrodermic psoriasis: from the medical board of the National Psoriasis Foundation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62(4):655–62.PubMedCrossRef
142.
Boyd AS, Menter A. Erythrodermic psoriasis. Precipitating factors, course, and prognosis in 50 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989;21(5 Pt 1):985–91.PubMedCrossRef
143.
Dogra S, Mehta H. Biological treatment for erythrodermic psoriasis. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2022;22(12):1531–43.PubMedCrossRef
144.
145.
Ellis AG, Flohr C, Drucker AM. Network meta-analyses of systemic treatments for psoriasis: a critical appraisal: Original Articles: Jabbar-Lopez ZK, Yiu ZZN, Ward V et al. Quantitative evaluation of biologic therapy options for psoriasis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:1646–54. Sbidian E, Chaimani A, Garcia-Doval I et al. Systemic pharmacological treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 12:CD011535. Br J Dermatol. 2019;180(2):282–8.
146.
Bachelez H, Choon SE, Marrakchi S, Burden AD, Tsai TF, Morita A, et al. Trial of spesolimab for generalized pustular psoriasis. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(26):2431–40.PubMedCrossRef
147.
Robinson A, Van Voorhees AS, Hsu S, Korman NJ, Lebwohl MG, Bebo BF Jr, Kalb RE. Treatment of pustular psoriasis: from the Medical Board of the National Psoriasis Foundation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67(2):279–88.PubMedCrossRef
148.
Paller AS, Silverberg JI, Cork MJ, Guttman-Yassky E, Lockshin B, Irvine AD, et al. Efficacy and safety of dupilumab in patients with erythrodermic atopic dermatitis: a post hoc analysis of 6 randomized clinical trials. JAMA Dermatol. 2023;159(3):255–66.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
149.
Eichenfield DZ. Therapeutic relief for erythrodermic atopic dermatitis. JAMA Dermatol. 2023;159(3):247–8.PubMedCrossRef
150.
Bieber T, Simpson EL, Silverberg JI, Thaci D, Paul C, Pink AE, et al. Abrocitinib versus placebo or dupilumab for atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(12):1101–12.PubMedCrossRef
151.
Blauvelt A, Teixeira HD, Simpson EL, Costanzo A, De Bruin-Weller M, Barbarot S, et al. Efficacy and safety of upadacitinib vs dupilumab in adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Dermatol. 2021;157(9):1047–55.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
152.
Reich K, Thyssen JP, Blauvelt A, Eyerich K, Soong W, Rice ZP, et al. Efficacy and safety of abrocitinib versus dupilumab in adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2022;400(10348):273–82.PubMedCrossRef
153.
Kim RW, Lam M, Abuabara K, Simpson EL, Drucker AM. Targeted systemic therapies for adults with atopic dermatitis: selecting from biologics and JAK Inhibitors. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2024;25(2):179–93.PubMedCrossRef
154.
Hama N, Abe R, Gibson A, Phillips EJ. Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS)/drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS): clinical features and pathogenesis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022;10(5):1155–67.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
155.
Verstegen RHJ, Phillips EJ, Juurlink DN. First-line therapy in drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DReSS): thinking beyond corticosteroids. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023;10:1138464.PubMedCrossRef
156.
Rubin L, Talmon A, Ribak Y, Kessler A, Martin Y, Haran TK, et al. Novel targeted inhibition of the IL-5 axis for drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1134178.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
157.
Moore MJ, Sathe NC, Ganipisetti VM. Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls; 2024.
158.
Hadavand MA, Kaffenberger B, Cartron AM, Trinidad JCL. Clinical presentation and management of atypical and recalcitrant acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2022;87(3):632–9.PubMedCrossRef
159.
Meier-Schiesser B, Feldmeyer L, Jankovic D, Mellett M, Satoh TK, Yerly D, et al. Culprit drugs induce specific IL-36 overexpression in acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. J Invest Dermatol. 2019;139(4):848–58.PubMedCrossRef
160.
Chang HC, Wang TJ, Lin MH, Chen TJ. A review of the systemic treatment of Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Biomedicines. 2022;10(9):2105.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
161.
Torres-Navarro I, Briz-Redon A, Botella-Estrada R. Systemic therapies for Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a SCORTEN-based systematic review and meta-analysis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2021;35(1):159–71.PubMedCrossRef
162.
Tsai TY, Huang IH, Chao YC, Li H, Hsieh TS, Wang HH, et al. Treating toxic epidermal necrolysis with systemic immunomodulating therapies: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;84(2):390–7.PubMedCrossRef
163.
Patel TK, Patel PB, Thakkar S. Comparison of effectiveness of interventions in reducing mortality in patients of toxic epidermal necrolysis: a network meta-analysis. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2021;87(5):628–44.PubMedCrossRef
164.
Zimmermann S, Sekula P, Venhoff M, Motschall E, Knaus J, Schumacher M, Mockenhaupt M. Systemic immunomodulating therapies for Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol. 2017;153(6):514–22.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
165.
Jacobsen A, Olabi B, Langley A, Beecker J, Mutter E, Shelley A, et al. Systemic interventions for treatment of Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and SJS/TEN overlap syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022;3(3): CD013130.PubMed
166.
Chorzelski TP, Jablonska S, Maciejowska E. Linear IgA bullous dermatosis of adults. Clin Dermatol. 1991;9(3):383–92.PubMedCrossRef
167.
Haynes D, Strunck JL, Topham CA, Ortega-Loayza AG, Kent G, Cassidy PB, et al. Evaluation of ixekizumab treatment for patients with pityriasis rubra pilaris: a single-arm trial. JAMA Dermatol. 2020;156(6):668–75.PubMedCrossRef
168.
Boudreaux BW, Pincelli TP, Bhullar PK, Patel MH, Brumfiel CM, Li X, et al. Secukinumab for the treatment of adult-onset pityriasis rubra pilaris: a single-arm clinical trial with transcriptomic analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2022;187(5):650–8.PubMedCrossRef
169.
Kromer C, Lippert U, Schon MP, Mossner R. Treatment of pityriasis rubra pilaris: a case series of 28 patients. Eur J Dermatol. 2020;30(5):569–79.PubMedCrossRef
170.
Greenzaid JD, Hrin ML, Feldman SR, Strowd LC. Methotrexate and acitretin in pityriasis rubra pilaris: a retrospective cohort study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2024;90(3):652–4.PubMedCrossRef
171.
Camela E, Miano C, Di Caterino P, Lo Presti M, De Fata SG, Fabbrocini G, Megna M. Erythrodermic pityriasis rubra pilaris treatment: two case reports and literature review. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33(6): e14223.PubMedCrossRef
172.
Schuster D, Pfister-Wartha A, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Schempp CM. Successful treatment of refractory pityriasis rubra pilaris with secukinumab. JAMA Dermatol. 2016;152(11):1278–80.PubMedCrossRef
173.
Villa-Gonzalez JM, Gonzalez-Hermosa MR, Atxutegi-Ayesta X, Raton Nieto JA, Gardeazabal Garcia J, Lasa EO. Rapid response of erythrodermic pityriasis rubra pilaris to tildrakizumab. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2024;49(2):177–80.PubMedCrossRef
174.
Fariba G, Ayatollahi A, Hejazi S. Pemphigus foliaceus. Indian Pediatr. 2012;49(3):240–1.PubMed
175.
Grekin SJ, Fox MC, Gudjonsson JE, Fullen DR. Psoriasiform pemphigus foliaceus: a report of two cases. J Cutan Pathol. 2012;39(5):549–53.PubMedCrossRef
176.
Miyamoto D, Batista DI, Santi CG, Maruta CW, Delgado L, Aoki V. Exfoliative erythroderma as a clinical manifestation of autoimmune bullous diseases. Int J Dermatol. 2016;55(2):e112–4.PubMedCrossRef
177.
Saitoh A, Osada A, Ohtake N, Kubota Y, Shimada S, Tamaki K. Erythrodermic bullous pemphigoid. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993;28(1):124–5.PubMedCrossRef
178.
Garrido Colmenero C, Arias Santiago S, Blasco Morente G, Perez Lopez I, Aneiros FJ. Photoletter to the editor: psoriatic erythroderma associated with bullous pemphigoid: clinical appearance and histopathology. J Dermatol Case Rep. 2015;9(1):23–4.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
179.
Almeida HL Jr, Wieczorek J, Santana M, Leite C. Successful treatment of erythrodermic pemphigus foliaceus with intravenous immunoglobulin. An Bras Dermatol. 2024;99(1):156–8.PubMedCrossRef
180.
Roeder C, Driesch PV. Psoriatic erythroderma and bullous pemphigoid treated successfully with acitretin and azathioprine. Eur J Dermatol. 1999;9(7):537–9.PubMed
181.
Sanfilippo E, Gonzalez Lopez A, Saardi KM. Erythrodermic bullous pemphigoid in skin of color treated with dupilumab. J Drugs Dermatol. 2023;22(7):685–6.PubMedCrossRef
182.
Miyamoto D, Maruta CW, Santi CG, Zoroquiain P, Dias ABT, Mansure JJ, et al. Exploring the in situ expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and endoglin in pemphigus foliaceus variants and pemphigus vulgaris. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018;32(11):1954–8.PubMedCrossRef
183.
Kuhn A, Ruland V, Bonsmann G. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: update of therapeutic options part II. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;65(6):e195-213.PubMedCrossRef
184.
Bao A, Petri MA, Fava A, Kang J. Case series of anifrolumab for treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus and lupus-related mucocutaneous manifestations in patients with SLE. Lupus Sci Med. 2023;10(2):e001007.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
185.
Yuki EFN, Silva CA, Aikawa NE, Romiti R, Heise CO, Bonfa E, Pasoto SG. Thalidomide and lenalidomide for refractory systemic/cutaneous lupus erythematosus treatment: a narrative review of literature for clinical practice. J Clin Rheumatol. 2021;27(6):248–59.PubMedCrossRef
186.
Miyagawa S, Okazaki A, Minowa R, Shirai T. Dermatomyositis presenting as erythroderma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;26(3 Pt 2):489–90.PubMedCrossRef
187.
Liu ZH, Wang XD. Acute-onset adult dermatomyositis presenting with erythroderma and diplopia. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2007;32(6):751–2.PubMedCrossRef
188.
189.
Ota M, Sato-Matsumura KC, Sawamura D, Shimizu H. Papuloerythroderma associated with hepatitis C virus infection. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;52(2 Suppl 1):61–2.PubMedCrossRef
190.
Komatsu-Fujii T, Nonoyama S, Ogawa M, Fukumoto T, Tanabe H. Rapid effects of dupilumab treatment on papuloerythroderma of Ofuji. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020;34(11):e739–41.PubMedCrossRef
191.
Lin L, Chen M, Li L. Wet-wrap therapy combined with compound glycyrrhizin and oral antihistamines as a therapy option for two cases of papuloerythroderma of ofuji. Dermatol Ther. 2022;35(11): e15852.PubMedCrossRef
192.
Yamada Y, Kamihira S, Amagasaki T, Kinoshita K, Kusano M, Chiyoda S, et al. Adult T cell leukemia with atypical surface phenotypes: clinical correlation. J Clin Oncol. 1985;3(6):782–8.PubMedCrossRef
193.
Tobinai K. Current management of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Oncology (Williston Park). 2009;23(14):1250–6.PubMed
194.
Ishida T, Jo T, Takemoto S, Suzushima H, Uozumi K, Yamamoto K, et al. Dose-intensified chemotherapy alone or in combination with mogamulizumab in newly diagnosed aggressive adult T-cell leukaemia-lymphoma: a randomized phase II study. Br J Haematol. 2015;169(5):672–82.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
195.
Gottlieb M, Long B, Koyfman A. The evaluation and management of toxic shock syndrome in the emergency department: a review of the literature. J Emerg Med. 2018;54(6):807–14.PubMedCrossRef
196.
197.
Paparizos V, Vasalou V, Velissariou E, Kourkounti S, Daskalakis E, Rigopoulos D. Norwegian scabies presenting as erythroderma in HIV: a case report. Infez Med. 2019;27(3):332–5.PubMed
198.
Zeiser R, von Bubnoff N, Butler J, Mohty M, Niederwieser D, Or R, et al. Ruxolitinib for glucocorticoid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(19):1800–10.PubMedCrossRef
199.
200.
Sheikh V, Porter BO, DerSimonian R, Kovacs SB, Thompson WL, Perez-Diez A, et al. Administration of interleukin-7 increases CD4 T cells in idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia. Blood. 2016;127(8):977–88.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
201.
Walker S, Wang C, Walradt T, Hong BS, Tanner JR, Levinsohn JL, et al. Identification of a gain-of-function STAT3 mutation (p.Y640F) in lymphocytic variant hypereosinophilic syndrome. Blood. 2016;127(7):948–51.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
202.
203.
King B, Lee AI, Choi J. Treatment of hypereosinophilic syndrome with cutaneous involvement with the JAK inhibitors tofacitinib and ruxolitinib. J Invest Dermatol. 2017;137(4):951–4.PubMedCrossRef
204.
Abdulsalam MS, Ghanta HC, Pandurangan P, Menon M, Jacob SS. A case of erythroderma secondary to hypereosinophilia. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(5):OD15–6.PubMedPubMedCentral
205.
Merlotto MR, Cantadori LO, Sakabe D, Miot HA. Case for diagnosis. Erythroderma as manifestation of hypereosinophilic syndrome. An Bras Dermatol. 2018;93(3):451–3.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
206.
Jackow CM, Cather JC, Hearne V, Asano AT, Musser JM, Duvic M. Association of erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, superantigen-positive Staphylococcus aureus, and oligoclonal T-cell receptor V beta gene expansion. Blood. 1997;89(1):32–40.PubMedCrossRef
207.
Yokote R, Tokura Y, Furukawa F, Takigawa M. Decreased responsiveness of T cells to toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 in patients with severe psoriasis at active stage. Arch Dermatol Res. 1997;289(9):547–50.PubMedCrossRef
208.
Bunikowski R, Mielke ME, Skarabis H, Worm M, Anagnostopoulos I, Kolde G, et al. Evidence for a disease-promoting effect of Staphylococcus aureus-derived exotoxins in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;105(4):814–9.PubMedCrossRef
209.
Liu TJ, Lin LL, McMeniman E, Wu J, Kao YC, Kumari S, et al. Cytokine/chemokine assessment as a complementary diagnostic tool for inflammatory skin diseases. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1028435.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
210.
Hawkins K, David E, Glickman JW, Del Duca E, Guttman-Yassky E, Krueger JG. Atopic dermatitis stratification: current and future perspective on skin and blood transcriptomic and proteomic profiling. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2024;20(9):1083–8.PubMedCrossRef
211.
He H, Olesen CM, Pavel AB, Clausen ML, Wu J, Estrada Y, et al. Tape-strip proteomic profiling of atopic dermatitis on dupilumab identifies minimally invasive biomarkers. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1768.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
212.
Del Duca E, He H, Liu Y, Pagan AD, David E, Cheng J, et al. Intrapatient comparison of atopic dermatitis skin transcriptome shows differences between tape-strips and biopsies. Allergy. 2024;79(1):80–92.PubMedCrossRef
213.
Techner JM, Hooper MJ, Evans S, LeWitt TM, Paller AS, Guitart J, et al. Skin tape strip proteomics in mycosis fungoides identifies tumor-associated biomarkers. J Invest Dermatol. 2023;143(3):517-520 e12.PubMedCrossRef
214.
Dessi A, Pintus R, Fanos V, Bosco A. Integrative multiomics approach to skin: the sinergy between individualised medicine and futuristic precision skin care? Metabolites. 2024;14(3):157.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
215.
Routy B, Lenehan JG, Miller WH Jr, Jamal R, Messaoudene M, Daisley BA, et al. Fecal microbiota transplantation plus anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in advanced melanoma: a phase I trial. Nat Med. 2023;29(8):2121–32.PubMedCrossRef
216.
Guo P, Luo Y, Mai G, Zhang M, Wang G, Zhao M, et al. Gene expression profile based classification models of psoriasis. Genomics. 2014;103(1):48–55.PubMedCrossRef
217.
Omiye JA, Gui H, Daneshjou R, Cai ZR, Muralidharan V. Principles, applications, and future of artificial intelligence in dermatology. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023;10:1278232.PubMedCrossRef
218.
Rasheed A, Umar AI, Shirazi SH, Khan Z, Nawaz S, Shahzad M. Automatic eczema classification in clinical images based on hybrid deep neural network. Comput Biol Med. 2022;147: 105807.PubMedCrossRef
219.
Zhou Y, Wang Z, Han L, Yu Y, Guan N, Fang R, et al. Machine learning-based screening for biomarkers of psoriasis and immune cell infiltration. Eur J Dermatol. 2023;33(2):147–56.PubMedCrossRef
220.
221.
Amado Y, Patino-Uzcategui A, Cepero de Garcia MC, Tabima J, Motta A, Cardenas M, et al. Seborrheic dermatitis: predisposing factors and ITS2 secondary structure for Malassezia phylogenic analysis. Med Mycol. 2013;51(8):868–75.PubMedCrossRef
222.
Kim SY, Kim SH, Kim SN, Kim AR, Kim YR, Kim MJ, et al. Isolation and identification of Malassezia species from Chinese and Korean patients with seborrheic dermatitis and in vitro studies on their bioactivity on sebaceous lipids and IL-8 production. Mycoses. 2016;59(5):274–80.PubMedCrossRef
223.
224.
Bourke J, Coulson I, English J, British Association of Dermatologists Therapy G, Audit S. Guidelines for the management of contact dermatitis: an update. Br J Dermatol. 2009;160(5):946–54.PubMedCrossRef
225.
Azizi N, Maibach HI. Are topical corticoids efficacious in acute irritant dermatitis: the evidence. Dermatitis. 2020;31(4):244–6.PubMedCrossRef
226.
Bauer A, Ronsch H, Elsner P, Dittmar D, Bennett C, Schuttelaar MLA, et al. Interventions for preventing occupational irritant hand dermatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;4(4):CD004414.PubMed
227.
Maghfour J, Maibach H. Are topical corticosteroids effective for chronic irritant contact dermatitis? Dermatitis. 2021;32(6):e148–50.PubMedCrossRef
228.
Gupta AK, Richardson M, Paquet M. Systematic review of oral treatments for seborrheic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014;28(1):16–26.PubMedCrossRef
229.
Evans AV, Palmer RA, Hawk JL. Erythrodermic chronic actinic dermatitis responding only to topical tacrolimus. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2004;20(1):59–61.PubMedCrossRef
230.
Nassif A, Bensussan A, Boumsell L, Deniaud A, Moslehi H, Wolkenstein P, et al. Toxic epidermal necrolysis: effector cells are drug-specific cytotoxic T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114(5):1209–15.PubMedCrossRef
231.
Chung WH, Hung SI, Yang JY, Su SC, Huang SP, Wei CY, et al. Granulysin is a key mediator for disseminated keratinocyte death in Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Nat Med. 2008;14(12):1343–50.PubMedCrossRef
232.
Atilla PA, Atilla E. Are we there yet? cellular therapies for cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Curr Res Transl Med. 2023;71(2): 103390.PubMedCrossRef
233.
Latzka J, Assaf C, Bagot M, Cozzio A, Dummer R, Guenova E, et al. EORTC consensus recommendations for the treatment of mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome—update 2023. Eur J Cancer. 2023;195: 113343.PubMedCrossRef
234.
Hill CL, Zhang Y, Sigurgeirsson B, Pukkala E, Mellemkjaer L, Airio A, et al. Frequency of specific cancer types in dermatomyositis and polymyositis: a population-based study. Lancet. 2001;357(9250):96–100.PubMedCrossRef
235.
Joly P, Roujeau JC, Benichou J, Picard C, Dreno B, Delaporte E, et al. A comparison of oral and topical corticosteroids in patients with bullous pemphigoid. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(5):321–7.PubMedCrossRef
236.
237.
Teraki Y, Aso Y, Sato Y. High incidence of internal malignancy in papuloerythroderma of Ofuji: a case series from Japan. Dermatology. 2012;224(1):5–9.PubMedCrossRef
238.
Huang Y, Li J, Zhu X. Detection of anti-envoplakin and anti-periplakin autoantibodies by ELISA in patients with paraneoplastic pemphigus. Arch Dermatol Res. 2009;301(10):703–9.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Deciphering the Etiologies of Adult Erythroderma: An Updated Guide to Presentations, Diagnostic Tools, Pathophysiologies, and Treatments
Authors
Yanzhen Pang
William Q. Nguyen
Liliana I. Guerrero
Lauren P. Chrisman
Madeline J. Hooper
Morgan C. McCarthy
Molly K. Hales
Rachel E. Lipman
Amy S. Paller
Joan Guitart
Xiaolong A. Zhou
Publication date
30-09-2024
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
American Journal of Clinical Dermatology
Print ISSN: 1175-0561
Electronic ISSN: 1179-1888
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-024-00886-9