Skip to main content
Top

28-09-2024 | Original Article

Detrended fluctuation analysis to determine physiologic thresholds, investigation and evidence from incremental cycling test

Authors: Johan Cassirame, Esther Eustache, Lucas Garbellotto, Simon Chevrolat, Philippe Gimenez, Pierre-Marie Leprêtre

Published in: European Journal of Applied Physiology

Login to get access

Abstract

Purpose

Training zones are generally assessed by gas-exchange thresholds (GET). Several mathematical analyses of heart rate variability (HRV) are proposed for indirect GET determination. Our study aimed to investigate the accordance of the detrend fluctuation analysis (DFA α1) for determining GET with first (VT1) and second ventilatory (VT2) thresholds in well-trained subjects.

Methods

Eighteen female and 38 male sub-elite cyclists performed a maximal incremental cycling test of 2-min stage duration with continuous gas exchange and HR measurements. Power output (PO), Oxygen uptake (\(\dot{\text{V}}\) O2) and HR at VT1 and VT2 were compared with DFA α1 0.75 (HRVT1) and 0.50 (HRVT2). Agreements between PO, \(\dot{\text{V}}\) O2 and HR values were analyzed using Bland–Altman analysis.

Results

Large limits of agreement between VT1 and HRVT1 were observed for measures of \(\dot{\text{V}}\) O2 expressed in mL.min−1.kg−1 [− 21.3; + 14.1], HR [ 39.2; + 26.9] bpm and PO [− 118; + 83] watts. Indeed, agreements were also low between VT2 and HRVT2 for measures of \(\dot{\text{V}}\) O2 [− 26.7; + 4.3] mL.min−1.kg−1, HR [− 45.5; + 10.6] bpm and PO [− 157; + 35] watts. Our results also showed a sex effect: women obtained worst predictions based on DFA α1 than men for HR (p = 0.014), PO (p = 0.044) at VT1 and \({\dot{\text{V}}\text{O}}_{2}\)(p = 0.045), HR (p = 0.003) and PO (p = 0.004) at VT2.

Conclusion

There was unsatisfactory agreement between the GET and DFA α1 methods for VT1 and VT2 determination in both sex well-trained cyclists.
Trial registration number 2233534 on 2024/03/05 retrospectively registered.
Literature
go back to reference Beaver WL, Wasserman K (1985) Whipp BJ (1986) A new method for detecting anaerobic threshold by gas exchange. J Appl Physiol Bethesda Md 60:2020–2027 Beaver WL, Wasserman K (1985) Whipp BJ (1986) A new method for detecting anaerobic threshold by gas exchange. J Appl Physiol Bethesda Md 60:2020–2027
go back to reference Bland JM, Altman D (1986) Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. The Lancet 327:307–310CrossRef Bland JM, Altman D (1986) Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. The Lancet 327:307–310CrossRef
go back to reference Buchheit M, Solano R, Millet GP (2007) Heart-rate deflection point and the second heart-rate variability threshold during running exercise in trained boys. Pediatr Exerc Sci 19:192–204CrossRefPubMed Buchheit M, Solano R, Millet GP (2007) Heart-rate deflection point and the second heart-rate variability threshold during running exercise in trained boys. Pediatr Exerc Sci 19:192–204CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Cassirame J, Stuckey MI, Sheppard F, Tordi N (2013) Accuracy of the Minicardio system for heart rate variability analysis compared to ECG. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 53:248–254PubMed Cassirame J, Stuckey MI, Sheppard F, Tordi N (2013) Accuracy of the Minicardio system for heart rate variability analysis compared to ECG. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 53:248–254PubMed
go back to reference Cottin F, Medigue C, Lepretre P-M et al (2004) Heart rate variability during exercise performed below and above ventilatory threshold. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36:594–600CrossRefPubMed Cottin F, Medigue C, Lepretre P-M et al (2004) Heart rate variability during exercise performed below and above ventilatory threshold. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36:594–600CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Mader A, Liesen H, Heck H et al (1976) Zur Beurteilung der sportartspezifischen Ausdauerleistungsfähigkeit im Labor. Sportarzt U Sportmed 27:80109–88112 Mader A, Liesen H, Heck H et al (1976) Zur Beurteilung der sportartspezifischen Ausdauerleistungsfähigkeit im Labor. Sportarzt U Sportmed 27:80109–88112
go back to reference Yamamoto Y, Hughson RL (1985) Peterson JC (1991) Autonomic control of heart rate during exercise studied by heart rate variability spectral analysis. J Appl Physiol Bethesda Md 71:1136–1142 Yamamoto Y, Hughson RL (1985) Peterson JC (1991) Autonomic control of heart rate during exercise studied by heart rate variability spectral analysis. J Appl Physiol Bethesda Md 71:1136–1142
go back to reference Yamamoto Y, Fortrat JO, Hughson RL (1995) On the fractal nature of heart rate variability in humans: effects of respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Am J Physiol 269:H480-486PubMed Yamamoto Y, Fortrat JO, Hughson RL (1995) On the fractal nature of heart rate variability in humans: effects of respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Am J Physiol 269:H480-486PubMed
Metadata
Title
Detrended fluctuation analysis to determine physiologic thresholds, investigation and evidence from incremental cycling test
Authors
Johan Cassirame
Esther Eustache
Lucas Garbellotto
Simon Chevrolat
Philippe Gimenez
Pierre-Marie Leprêtre
Publication date
28-09-2024
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
European Journal of Applied Physiology
Print ISSN: 1439-6319
Electronic ISSN: 1439-6327
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05614-z