The evolving understanding of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes in the highly effective modulator therapy era: a scoping review

Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) is a unique form of diabetes that shares features with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes and is most often characterised by transient postprandial hyperglycaemia as a consequence of delayed first-phase insulin release. In the last decade, new developments in the form of highly effective modulators have transformed the landscape of cystic fibrosis (CF) care and life expectancy. As CFRD is one of the most common complications of CF, there is a growing and urgent need to better understand how to optimise CFRD diagnosis and management across the continuum. In this review, we examine recent advancements in the understanding of CF dysglycaemia and CFRD monitoring and treatment, and synthesise the growing body of literature on post-market findings on how glycaemic management changes in response to modulator therapy.