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05-05-2024 | Short communication

Cognitive load in tele-robotic surgery: a comparison of eye tracker designs

Authors: Roger D. Soberanis-Mukul, Paola Ruiz Puentes, Ayberk Acar, Iris Gupta, Joyraj Bhowmick, Yizhou Li, Ahmed Ghazi, Jie Ying Wu, Mathias Unberath

Published in: International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery | Issue 7/2024

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Abstract

Purpose

Eye gaze tracking and pupillometry are evolving areas within the field of tele-robotic surgery, particularly in the context of estimating cognitive load (CL). However, this is a recent field, and current solutions for gaze and pupil tracking in robotic surgery require assessment. Considering the necessity of stable pupillometry signals for reliable cognitive load estimation, we compare the accuracy of three eye trackers, including head and console-mounted designs.

Methods

We conducted a user study with the da Vinci Research Kit (dVRK), to compare the three designs. We collected eye tracking and dVRK video data while participants observed nine markers distributed over the dVRK screen. We compute and analyze pupil detection stability and gaze prediction accuracy for the three designs.

Results

Head-worn devices present better stability and accuracy of gaze prediction and pupil detection compared to console-mounted systems. Tracking stability along the field of view varies between trackers, with gaze predictions detected at invalid zones of the image with high confidence.

Conclusion

While head-worn solutions show benefits in confidence and stability, our results demonstrate the need to improve eye tacker performance regarding pupil detection, stability, and gaze accuracy in tele-robotic scenarios.
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Metadata
Title
Cognitive load in tele-robotic surgery: a comparison of eye tracker designs
Authors
Roger D. Soberanis-Mukul
Paola Ruiz Puentes
Ayberk Acar
Iris Gupta
Joyraj Bhowmick
Yizhou Li
Ahmed Ghazi
Jie Ying Wu
Mathias Unberath
Publication date
05-05-2024
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery / Issue 7/2024
Print ISSN: 1861-6410
Electronic ISSN: 1861-6429
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11548-024-03150-x