Obesity-related chronic kidney disease

1.

Fruh SM. Obesity: Risk factors, complications, and strategies for sustainable long-term weight management. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract. 2017;29(S1):S3–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/2327-6924.12510.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

2.

Melián-Fleitas L, Franco-Pérez Á, Sanz-Valero J, Wanden-Berghe C. Population Interest in Information on Obesity, Nutrition, and Occupational Health and Its Relationship with the Prevalence of Obesity: An Infodemiological Study. Nutrients. 2023;15(17):3773. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173773.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

3.

Kelly T, Yang W, Chen CS, Reynolds K, He J. Global burden of obesity in 2005 and projections to 2030. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32(9):1431–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2008.102.CrossRefPubMed

4.

Boutari C, Mantzoros CS. A 2022 update on the epidemiology of obesity and a call to action: as its twin COVID-19 pandemic appears to be receding, the obesity and dysmetabolism pandemic continues to rage on. Metabolism. 2022;133:155217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155217.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

5.

Kovesdy CP. 2022 Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: an update 2022. Kidney Int Suppl. 2011;12(1):7–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kisu.2021.11.003.CrossRef

6.

Mills KT, Xu Y, Zhang W, Bundy JD, Chen CS, Kelly TN, Chen J, He J. A systematic analysis of worldwide population-based data on the global burden of chronic kidney disease in 2010. Kidney Int. 2015;88(5):950–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2015.230.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

7.

Wilson S, Mone P, Jankauskas SS, Gambardella J, Santulli G. Chronic kidney disease: Definition, updated epidemiology, staging, and mechanisms of increased cardiovascular risk. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2021;23(4):831–4. https://doi.org/10.1111/jch.14186.CrossRefPubMed

8.

Kreiner FF, Schytz PA, Heerspink HJL, von Scholten BJ, Idorn T. Obesity-Related Kidney Disease: Current Understanding and Future Perspectives. Biomedicines. 2023;11(9):2498. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11092498.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

9.

Foreman KJ, Marquez N, Dolgert A, Fukutaki K, Fullman N, McGaughey M, Pletcher MA, Smith AE, Tang K, Yuan CW, et al. Forecasting life expectancy, years of life lost, and all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 250 causes of death: Reference and alternative scenarios for 2016–40 for 195 countries and territories. Lancet. 2018;392(10159):2052–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31694-5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

10.

Brück K, Stel VS, Gambaro G, Hallan S, Völzke H, Ärnlöv J, Kastarinen M, Guessous I, Vinhas J, Stengel B, Brenner H, Chudek J, Romundstad S, Tomson C, Gonzalez AO, Bello AK, Ferrieres J, Palmieri L, Browne G, Capuano V, Van Biesen W, Zoccali C, Gansevoort R, Navis G, Rothenbacher D, Ferraro PM, Nitsch D, Wanner C, Jager KJ, European CKD Burden Consortium. CKD Prevalence Varies across the European General Population. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;27(7):2135–47. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2015050542.CrossRefPubMed

11.

Yarnoff BO, Hoerger TJ, Shrestha SS, Simpson SK, Burrows NR, Anderson AH, Xie D, Chen HY, Pavkov ME, CRIC Study Investigators. Modeling the impact of obesity on the lifetime risk of chronic kidney disease in the United States using updated estimates of GFR progression from the CRIC study. PLoS One. 2018;13(10):e0205530. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205530.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

12.

Wang Y, Chen X, Song Y, Caballero B, Cheskin LJ. Association between obesity and kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Int. 2008;73(1):19–33. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5002586.CrossRefPubMed

13.

Sawyer A, Zeitler E, Trachtman H, Bjornstad P. Kidney Considerations in Pediatric Obesity. Curr Obes Rep. 2023;12(3):332–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-023-00522-3.CrossRefPubMed

14.

Nawaz S, Chinnadurai R, Al-Chalabi S, Evans P, Kalra PA, Syed AA, Sinha S. Obesity and chronic kidney disease: A current review. Obes Sci Pract. 2022;9(2):61–74. https://doi.org/10.1002/osp4.629.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

15.

Maric-Bilkan C. Obesity and diabetic kidney disease. Med Clin North Am. 2013;97(1):59–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2012.10.010.CrossRefPubMed

16.

Hoogeveen EK. The Epidemiology of Diabetic Kidney Disease. Kidney Dial. 2022;2(3):433–42. https://doi.org/10.3390/kidneydial2030038.CrossRef

17.

Grillo MA, Mariani G, Ferraris JR. Prematurity and Low Birth Weight in Neonates as a Risk Factor for Obesity, Hypertension, and Chronic Kidney Disease in Pediatric and Adult Age. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;8:769734. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.769734.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Luyckx VA, Brenner BM. Birth weight, malnutrition and kidney-associated outcomes–a global concern. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2015;11(3):135–49. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2014.251.CrossRefPubMed

19.

Zhu P, Herrington WG, Haynes R, Emberson J, Landray MJ, Sudlow CLM, Woodward M, Baigent C, Lewington S, Staplin N. Conventional and Genetic Evidence on the Association between Adiposity and CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021;32(1):127–37. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2020050679.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Look AHEAD Research Group. Effect of a long-term behavioral weight loss intervention on nephropathy in overweight or obese adults with type 2 diabetes: a secondary analysis of the Look AHEAD randomized clinical trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2(10):801–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70156-1.CrossRef

21.

Kramer H, Gutiérrez OM, Judd SE, Muntner P, Warnock DG, Tanner RM, Panwar B, Shoham DA, McClellan W. Waist Circumference, Body Mass Index, and ESRD in the REGARDS (Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke) Study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2016;67(1):62–9. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.05.023.CrossRefPubMed

22.

Kovesdy CP, Furth SL, Zoccali C, World Kidney Day Steering Committee. Obesity and Kidney Disease: Hidden Consequences of the Epidemic. Can J Kidney Health Dis. 2017;4:2054358117698669. https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358117698669.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

23.

Subramanian SV, Perkins JM, Ozaltin E, Davey SG. Weight of nations: a socioeconomic analysis of women in low- to middle-income countries. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93:413–21. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.004820.CrossRefPubMed

24.

Cavaliere G, Cimmino F, Trinchese G, Catapano A, Petrella L, D’Angelo M, Lucchin L, Mollica MP. From Obesity-Induced Low-Grade Inflammation to Lipotoxicity and Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Altered Multi-Crosstalk between Adipose Tissue and Metabolically Active Organs. Antioxidants (Basel). 2023;12(6):1172. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061172.CrossRefPubMed

25.

White U. Adipose tissue expansion in obesity, health, and disease. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2023;11:1188844. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2023.1188844.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

26.

Ali MM, Parveen S, Williams V, Dons R, Uwaifo GI. Cardiometabolic comorbidities and complications of obesity and chronic kidney disease (CKD). J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2024;36:100341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcte.2024.100341.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

27.

Castro BBA, Foresto-Neto O, Saraiva-Camara NO, Sanders-Pinheiro H. Renal lipotoxicity: Insights from experimental models. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2021;48(12):1579–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1681.13556.CrossRefPubMed

28.

Ryu JH, Ge M, Merscher S, Rosenberg AZ, Desante M, Roshanravan H, Okamoto K, Shin MK, Hoek M, Fornoni A, Kopp JB. APOL1 renal risk variants promote cholesterol accumulation in tissues and cultured macrophages from APOL1 transgenic mice. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(4):e0211559. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211559.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

29.

Cypess AM. Reassessing Human Adipose Tissue. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(8):768–79. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra2032804.CrossRefPubMed

30.

Varra FN, Varras M, Varra VK, Theodosis-Nobelos P. Molecular and pathophysiological relationship between obesity and chronic inflammation in the manifestation of metabolic dysfunctions and their inflammation-mediating treatment options (Review). Mol Med Rep. 2024;29(6):95. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2024.13219.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

31.

Subramanian A, Vernon KA, Zhou Y, Marshall JL, Alimova M, Arevalo C, Zhang F, Slyper M, Waldman J, Montesinos MS, Dionne D, Nguyen LT, Cuoco MS, Dubinsky D, Purnell J, Keller K, Sturner SH, Grinkevich E, Ghoshal A, Kotek A, Trivioli G, Richoz N, Humphrey MB, Darby IG, Miller SJ, Xu Y, Weins A, Chloe-Villani A, Chang SL, Kretzler M, Rosenblatt-Rosen O, Shaw JL, Zimmerman KA, Clatworthy MR, Regev A, Greka A. Protective role for kidney TREM2^high macrophages in obesity- and diabetes-induced kidney injury. Cell Rep. 2024;43(6):114253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114253.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

32.

Dakroub A, Nasser SA, Kobeissy F, Yassine HM, Orekhov A, Sharifi-Rad J, Iratni R, El-Yazbi AF, Eid AH. Visfatin: An emerging adipocytokine bridging the gap in the evolution of cardiovascular diseases. J Cell Physiol. 2021;236(9):6282–96. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.30345.CrossRefPubMed

33.

Lin YT, Chen LK, Jian DY, Hsu TC, Huang WC, Kuan TT, Wu SY, Kwok CF, Ho LT, Juan CC. Visfatin Promotes Monocyte Adhesion by Upregulating ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 Expression in Endothelial Cells via Activation of p38-PI3K-Akt Signaling and Subsequent ROS Production and IKK/NF-κB Activation. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2019;52(6):1398–411. https://doi.org/10.33594/000000098.CrossRefPubMed

34.

Heo YJ, Choi SE, Jeon JY, Han SJ, Kim DJ, Kang Y, Lee KW, Kim HJ. Visfatin Induces Inflammation and Insulin Resistance via the NF-κB and STAT3 Signaling Pathways in Hepatocytes. J Diabetes Res. 2019;2019:4021623. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4021623.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

35.

Yang Q, Fu C, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Zou J, Xiao J, Ye Z. Adiponectin protects against uric acid-induced renal tubular epithelial inflammatory responses via the AdipoR1/AMPK signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med. 2019;43(3):1542–52. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2019.4072.CrossRefPubMed

36.

He L, Xuan W, Liu D, Zhong J, Luo H, Cui H, Zhang X, Chen W. The role of adiponectin in the association between abdominal obesity and type 2 diabetes: a mediation analysis among 232,438 Chinese participants. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024;15:1327716. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2024.1327716.CrossRefPubMed

37.

Coimbra S, Rocha S, Valente MJ, Catarino C, Bronze-da-Rocha E, Belo L, Santos-Silva A. New insights into adiponectin and leptin roles in chronic kidney disease. Biomedicines. 2022;10(10):2642. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10102642.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

38.

Tang YY, Wang DC, Wang YQ, Huang AF, Xu WD. Emerging role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in inflammatory autoimmune diseases: A comprehensive review. Front Immunol. 2023;13:1073971. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1073971.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

39.

Huang D, Kidd JM, Zou Y, Wu X, Gehr TWB, Li PL, Li G. Regulation of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Inflammatory Exosome Release in Podocytes by Acid Sphingomyelinase During Obesity. Inflammation. 2023;46(5):2037–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-023-01861-y.CrossRefPubMed

40.

Huang G, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Ma Y. Chronic kidney disease and NLRP3 inflammasome: Pathogenesis, development and targeted therapeutic strategies. Biochem Biophys Rep. 2022;33:101417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101417.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

41.

Ren L, Cui H, Wang Y, Ju F, Cai Y, Gang X, Wang G. The role of lipotoxicity in kidney disease: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic prospects. Biomed Pharmacother. 2023;161:114465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114465.CrossRefPubMed

42.

Szegezdi E, Logue SE, Gorman AM, Samali A. Mediators of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis. EMBO Rep. 2006;7(9):880–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.embor.7400779.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

43.

Marra F, Svegliati-Baroni G. Lipotoxicity and the gut-liver axis in NASH pathogenesis. J Hepatol. 2018;68(2):280–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2017.11.014.CrossRefPubMed

44.

Shimizu Y, Hendershot LM. Oxidative folding: cellular strategies for dealing with the resultant equimolar production of reactive oxygen species. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2009;11(9):2317–31. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2009.2501.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

45.

Bhargava P, Schnellmann RG. Mitochondrial energetics in the kidney. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2017;13(10):629–46. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2017.107.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

46.

Szeto HH, Liu S, Soong Y, Alam N, Prusky GT, Seshan SV. Protection of mitochondria prevents high-fat diet-induced glomerulopathy and proximal tubular injury. Kidney Int. 2016;90(5):997–1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2016.06.013.CrossRefPubMed

47.

Le Lay S, Simard G, Martinez MC, Andriantsitohaina R. Oxidative stress and metabolic pathologies: from an adipocentric point of view. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2014;2014:908539. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/908539.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

48.

Zhao M, Wang Y, Li L, Liu S, Wang C, Yuan Y, Yang G, Chen Y, Cheng J, Lu Y, Liu J. Mitochondrial ROS promote mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation in ischemic acute kidney injury by disrupting TFAM-mediated mtDNA maintenance. Theranostics. 2021;11(4):1845–63. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.50905.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

49.

Escasany E, Izquierdo-Lahuerta A, Medina-Gomez G. Underlying Mechanisms of Renal Lipotoxicity in Obesity. Nephron. 2019;143(1):28–32. https://doi.org/10.1159/000494694.CrossRefPubMed

50.

Martínez-García C, Izquierdo A, Velagapudi V, Vivas Y, Velasco I, Campbell M, et al. Accelerated renal disease is associated with the development of metabolic syndrome in a gluco lipotoxic mouse model. Dis Model Mech. 2012;5:636–48. https://doi.org/10.1242/dmm.009266.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

51.

Rutkowski JM, Wang ZV, Park AS, Zhang J, Zhang D, Hu MC, et al. Adiponectin promotes functional recovery after podocyte ablation. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;24:268–82. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2012040414.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

52.

Matsuda J, Namba T, Takabatake Y, Kimura T, Takahashi A, Yamamoto T, Minami S, Sakai S, Fujimura R, Kaimori JY, Matsui I, Hamano T, Fukushima Y, Matsui K, Soga T, Isaka Y. Antioxidant role of autophagy in maintaining the integrity of glomerular capillaries. Autophagy. 2018;14(1):53–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2017.1391428.CrossRefPubMed

53.

Xie Y, Li J, Kang R, Tang D. Interplay Between Lipid Metabolism and Autophagy. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020;8:431. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2020.00431.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

54.

Gong ZG, Zhao Y, Wang ZY, Fan RF, Liu ZP, Wang L. Epigenetic regulator BRD4 is involved in cadmium-induced acute kidney injury via contributing to lysosomal dysfunction, autophagy blockade and oxidative stress. J Hazard Mater. 2022;423(Pt A): 127110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127110.CrossRefPubMed

55.

Leyking S, Fliser D. Insulin resistance in CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9(4):638–40. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.01290214.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

56.

Nakashima A, Kato K, Ohkido I, Yokoo T. Role and Treatment of Insulin Resistance in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Review. Nutrients. 2021;13(12):4349. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124349.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

57.

Liu LS, Spelleken M, Röhrig K, Hauner H, Eckel J. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha acutely inhibits insulin signaling in human adipocytes: implication of the p80 tumor necrosis factor receptor. Diabetes. 1998;47(4):515–22. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.47.4.515.CrossRefPubMed

58.

Borst SE. The role of TNF-alpha in insulin resistance. Endocrine. 2004;23(2–3):177–82. https://doi.org/10.1385/ENDO:23:2-3:177.CrossRefPubMed

59.

Yung JHM, Giacca A. Role of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Cells. 2020;9(3):706. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9030706.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

60.

Pretz D, Le Foll C, Rizwan MZ, Lutz TA, Tups A. Hyperleptinemia as a contributing factor for the impairment of glucose intolerance in obesity. FASEB J. 2021;35(2):e21216. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.202001147R.CrossRefPubMed

61.

Obradovic M, Sudar-Milovanovic E, Soskic S, Essack M, Arya S, Stewart AJ, Gojobori T, Isenovic ER. Leptin and Obesity: Role and Clinical Implication. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:585887. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.585887.CrossRefPubMed

62.

Triebel H, Castrop H. The renin angiotensin aldosterone system. Pflugers Arch. 2024;476(5):705–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-024-02908-1.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

63.

Loh HH, Lim QH, Chai CS, Goh SL, Lim LL, Yee A, Sukor N. Influence and implications of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in obstructive sleep apnea: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sleep Res. 2023;32(1):e13726. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13726.CrossRefPubMed

64.

Kanugula AK, Kaur J, Batra J, Ankireddypalli AR, Velagapudi R. Renin-Angiotensin System: Updated Understanding and Role in Physiological and Pathophysiological States. Cureus. 2023;15(6):e40725. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.40725.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

65.

Cabandugama PK, Gardner MJ, Sowers JR. The Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System in Obesity and Hypertension: Roles in the Cardiorenal Metabolic Syndrome. Med Clin North Am. 2017;101(1):129–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2016.08.009.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

66.

Kalil GZ, Haynes WG. Sympathetic nervous system in obesity-related hypertension: mechanisms and clinical implications. Hypertens Res. 2012;35(1):4–16. https://doi.org/10.1038/hr.2011.173.CrossRefPubMed

67.

Parvanova A, Reseghetti E, Abbate M, Ruggenenti P. Mechanisms and treatment of obesity-related hypertension-Part 1: Mechanisms. Clin Kidney J. 2023;17(1):sfad282. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfad282.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

68.

Frigolet ME, Torres N, Tovar AR. The renin-angiotensin system in adipose tissue and its metabolic consequences during obesity. J Nutr Biochem. 2013;24(12):2003–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.07.002.CrossRefPubMed

69.

Yiannikouris F, Gupte M, Putnam K, Thatcher S, Charnigo R, Rateri DL, Daugherty A, Cassis LA. Adipocyte deficiency of angiotensinogen prevents obesity-induced hypertension in male mice. Hypertension. 2012;60(6):1524–30. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.192690.CrossRefPubMed

70.

Kotsis V, Martinez F, Trakatelli C, Redon J. Impact of Obesity in Kidney Diseases. Nutrients. 2021;13(12):4482. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124482.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

71.

Burns WC, Thomas MC. Angiotensin II and its role in tubular epithelial to mesenchymal transition associated with chronic kidney disease. Cells Tissues Organs. 2011;193(1–2):74–84. https://doi.org/10.1159/000320359.CrossRefPubMed

72.

Scurt FG, Ganz MJ, Herzog C, Bose K, Mertens PR, Chatzikyrkou C. Association of metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease. Obes Rev. 2024;25(1):e13649. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13649.CrossRefPubMed

73.

Parasiliti-Caprino M, Bollati M, Merlo FD, Ghigo E, Maccario M, Bo S. Adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity: Role of mineralocorticoid receptor. Nutrients. 2022;14(22):4735. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224735.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

74.

Yang Y, Xu G. Update on pathogenesis of glomerular hyperfiltration in early diabetic kidney disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:872918. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.872918.CrossRefPubMed

75.

Palatini P. Glomerular hyperfiltration: a marker of early renal damage in pre-diabetes and pre-hypertension. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(5):1708–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfs037.CrossRefPubMed

76.

Neal CR, Arkill KP, Bell JS, Betteridge KB, Bates DO, Winlove CP, Salmon AHJ, Harper SJ. Novel hemodynamic structures in the human glomerulus. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2018;315(5):1370–84. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00566.2017.CrossRef

77.

Savedchuk S, Phachu D, Shankar M, Sparks MA, Harrison-Bernard LM. Targeting Glomerular Hemodynamics for Kidney Protection. Adv Kidney Dis Health. 2023;30(2):71–84. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.akdh.2022.12.003.CrossRefPubMed

78.

Basolo A, Salvetti G, Giannese D, Genzano SB, Ceccarini G, Giannini R, Sotgia G, Fierabracci P, Piaggi P, Santini F. Obesity, Hyperfiltration, and Early Kidney Damage: A New Formula for the Estimation of Creatinine Clearance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023;108(12):3280–6. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgad330.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

79.

Wuerzner G, Pruijm M, Maillard M, Bovet P, Renaud C, Burnier M, Bochud M. Marked association between obesity and glomerular hyperfiltration: a cross-sectional study in an African population. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;56(2):303–12. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2010.03.017.CrossRefPubMed

80.

Saga N, Sakamoto K, Matsusaka T, Nagata M. Glomerular filtrate affects the dynamics of podocyte detachment in a model of diffuse toxic podocytopathy. Kidney Int. 2021;99(5):1149–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2020.12.034.CrossRefPubMed

81.

Zhang H, Chen R, Xu X, Yang M, Xu W, Xiang S, Wang L, Jiang X, Hua F, Huang X. Metabolically healthy obesity is associated with higher risk of both hyperfiltration and mildly reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate: the role of serum uric acid in a cross-sectional study. J Transl Med. 2023;21(1):216. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-023-04003-y.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

82.

Maciel-Fiuza MF, Muller GC, Campos DMS, de Socorro Silva Costa P, Peruzzo J, Bonamigo RR, Veit T, Vianna FSL. Role of gut microbiota in infectious and inflammatory diseases. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1098386. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1098386.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

83.

Vallianou N, Stratigou T, Christodoulatos GS, Dalamaga M. Understanding the role of the gut microbiome and microbial metabolites in obesity and obesity-associated metabolic disorders: Current evidence and perspectives. Curr Obes Rep. 2019;8(3):317–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-019-00352-2.CrossRefPubMed

84.

U-Din M, Ahmed BA, Syed SA, Ong FJ, Oreskovich SM, Gunn E, Surette MG, Punthakee Z, Steinberg GR, Morrison KM. Characteristics of abdominal visceral adipose tissue, metabolic health and the gut microbiome in adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024;109(3):680–90. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgad604.CrossRefPubMed

85.

Khan MJ, Gerasimidis K, Edwards CA, Shaikh MG. Role of gut microbiota in the aetiology of obesity: Proposed mechanisms and review of the literature. J Obes. 2016;2016:7353642. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7353642.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

86.

Kounatidis D, Vallianou NG, Geladari E, Panoilia MP, Daskou A, Stratigou T, Karampela I, Tsilingiris D, Dalamaga M. NAFLD in the 21st Century: Current knowledge regarding its pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapeutics. Biomedicines. 2024;12(4):826. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12040826.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

87.

Vallianou N, Christodoulatos GS, Karampela I, Tsilingiris D, Magkos F, Stratigou T, Kounatidis D, Dalamaga M. Understanding the role of the gut microbiome and microbial metabolites in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Current evidence and perspectives. Biomolecules. 2021;12(1):56. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12010056.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

88.

Vallianou NG, Kounatidis D, Panagopoulos F, Evangelopoulos A, Stamatopoulos V, Papagiorgos A, Geladari E, Dalamaga M. Gut microbiota and its role in the Brain-Gut-Kidney axis in hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2023;25(11):367–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-023-01263-3.CrossRefPubMed

89.

Magne F, Gotteland M, Gauthier L, Zazueta A, Pesoa S, Navarrete P, Balamurugan R. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio: A relevant marker of gut dysbiosis in obese patients? Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1474. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051474.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

90.

Page MJ, Kell DB, Pretorius E. The role of lipopolysaccharide-induced cell signaling in chronic inflammation. Chronic Stress (Thousand Oaks). 2022;6:24705470221076390. https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221076390.CrossRefPubMed

91.

Schwarz A, Hernandez L, Arefin S, Sartirana E, Witasp A, Wernerson A, Stenvinkel P, Kublickiene K. Sweet, bloody consumption - what we eat and how it affects vascular aging, the BBB and kidney health in CKD. Gut Microbes. 2024;16(1):2341449. https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2024.2341449.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

92.

Jiang Z, Wang Y, Zhao X, Cui H, Han M, Ren X, Gang X, Wang G. Obesity and chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2023;324(1):24–41. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00179.2022.CrossRef

93.

Yang J, Lee HS, Lim CY, Kim H, Chung S, Kwon SH, Cho JH, Yoo KD, Park WY, Sun IO, Yu BC, Ko GJ, Yang JW, Hwang WM, Song SH, Shin SJ, Hong YA, Bae E, Hyun YY. Impact of obesity on renal function in elderly Korean adults: a national population-based cohort study. Kidney Res Clin Pract. 2024. https://doi.org/10.23876/j.krcp.23.187.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

94.

Cejka V, Störk S, Nadal J, Schmid M, Sommerer C, Sitter T, Meiselbach H, Busch M, Schneider MP, Saritas T, Schultheiss UT, Kotsis F, Wanner C, Eckardt KU, Krane V, GCKD Study Investigators. Differential Prognostic Utility of Adiposity Measures in Chronic Kidney Disease. J Ren Nutr. 2023;33(4):546–54. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2023.04.006.CrossRefPubMed

95.

Bullen AL, Katz R, Kumar U, Gutierrez OM, Sarnak MJ, Kramer HJ, Shlipak MG, Ix JH, Judd SE, Cushman M, Garimella PS. Lipid accumulation product, visceral adiposity index and risk of chronic kidney disease. BMC Nephrol. 2022;23(1):401. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-022-03026-9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

96.

Gao S, Zhang H, Long C, Xing Z. Association Between Obesity and Microvascular Diseases in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12: 719515. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.719515.CrossRefPubMed

97.

Cai H, Zhan Y, Lu J, Zhu M, Liu S, Mei J, Zhang P, Liu R, Ni Z, Zhang W, Xu G. Body mass index combined with waist circumference can predict moderate chronic kidney disease: A retrospective study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(12):e25017. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000025017.CrossRefPubMed

98.

Moreira AD, Velasquez-Melendez G, Ladeira RM, da Silva Junior GB, Fonseca MJ, Barreto SM. Association between Adiposity Indexes and Kidney Disease: Findings from the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (Elsa-Brazil). J Am Nutr Assoc. 2022;41(3):275–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2021.1878968.CrossRefPubMed

99.

Cho YK, Lee J, Kim HS, Park JY, Lee WJ, Kim YJ, Jung CH. Impact of Transition in Metabolic Health and Obesity on the Incident Chronic Kidney Disease: A Nationwide Cohort Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(3):dgaa033. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa033.CrossRefPubMed

100.

Yang S, Li M, Chen Y, Zhao X, Chen X, Wang H, Tian Y, Liu C, Shen C. Comparison of the correlates between body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, and chronic kidney disease in a rural Chinese adult population. J Ren Nutr. 2019;29(4):302-309.e1. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2018.10.008.CrossRefPubMed

101.

Madero M, Katz R, Murphy R, Newman A, Patel K, Ix J, Peralta C, Satterfield S, Fried L, Shlipak M, Sarnak M. Comparison between different measures of body fat with kidney function decline and incident CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12(6):893–903. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.07010716.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

102.

Davis E, Campbell K, Gobe G, Hawley C, Isbel N, Johnson DW. Association of anthropometric measures with kidney disease progression and mortality: a retrospective cohort study of pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients referred to a specialist renal service. BMC Nephrol. 2016;17(1):74. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-016-0290-y.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

103.

Oh SW, Ahn SY, Jianwei X, Kim KW, Kim S, Na KY, Chae DW, Kim S, Chin HJ. Relationship between changes in body fat and a decline of renal function in the elderly. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(1):e84052. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084052.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

104.

Moyer VA, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for chronic kidney disease: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157(8):567–70. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-157-8-201210160-00533.CrossRefPubMed

105.

Thompson LE, Joy MS. Endogenous markers of kidney function and renal drug clearance processes of filtration, secretion, and reabsorption. Curr OpinToxicol. 2022;31:100344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cotox.2022.03.005.CrossRef

106.

Feng JF, Qiu L, Zhang L, Li XM, Yang YW, Zeng P, Guo XZ, Qin Y, Liu HC, Han XM, Li YP, Xu W, Sun SY, Wang LQ, Quan H, Xia LJ, Hu HZ, Zhong FC, Duan R. Multicenter study of creatinine- and/or cystatin C-based equations for estimation of glomerular filtration rates in Chinese patients with chronic kidney disease. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(3):e57240. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057240.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

107.

De Rosa S, Greco M, Rauseo M, Annetta MG. The Good, the Bad, and the Serum Creatinine: Exploring the Effect of Muscle Mass and Nutrition. Blood Purif. 2023;52(9–10):775–85. https://doi.org/10.1159/000533173.CrossRefPubMed

108.

Delanghe JR, Cobbaert C, Harmoinen A, Jansen R, Laitinen P, Panteghini M. Focusing on the clinical impact of standardization of creatinine measurements: a report by the EFCC Working Group on Creatinine Standardization. Clin Chem LabMed. 2011;49(6):977–82. https://doi.org/10.1515/CCLM.2011.167.CrossRef

109.

Spencer S, Desborough R, Bhandari S. Should cystatin C eGFR become routine clinical practice? Biomolecules. 2023;13(7):1075. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13071075.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

110.

Mueller-Peltzer K, von Krüchten R, Lorbeer R, Rospleszcz S, Schulz H, Peters A, Bamberg F, Schlett CL, Mujaj B. Adipose tissue is associated with kidney function parameters. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):9151. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-36390-z.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

111.

Ding W, Mak RH. Early markers of obesity-related renal injury in childhood. Pediatr Nephrol. 2015;30(1):1–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-014-2976-3.CrossRefPubMed

112.

Safaeian B, Nickavar A, Zaeri H, Lahootian L, Behnampour N. Utility of Urine N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase for Prediction of Renal Damage in Obese Children. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2021;32(3):699–702. https://doi.org/10.4103/1319-2442.336764.CrossRefPubMed

113.

Gluba-Sagr A, Franczyk B, Rysz-Górzyńska M, Ławiński J, Rysz J. The Role of miRNA in Renal Fibrosis Leading to Chronic Kidney Disease. Biomedicines. 2023;11(9):2358. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11092358.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

114.

Earle A, Bessonny M, Benito J, Huang K, Parker H, Tyler E, Crawford B, Khan N, Armstrong B, Stamatikos A, Garimella S, Clay-Gilmour A. Urinary exosomal MicroRNAs as biomarkers for obesity-associated chronic kidney disease. J Clin Med. 2022;11(18):5271. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11185271.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

115.

Humphreys BD. Mechanisms of renal fibrosis. Annu Rev Physiol. 2018;80:309–26. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-022516-034227.CrossRefPubMed

116.

Wang B, Komers R, Carew R, Winbanks CE, Xu B, Herman-Edelstein M, Koh P, Thomas M, Jandeleit-Dahm K, Gregorevic P, Cooper ME, Kantharidis P. Suppression of microRNA-29 expression by TGF-β1 promotes collagen expression and renal fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;23(2):252–65. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2011010055.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

117.

Buscemi S, Verga S, Batsis JA, Cottone S, Mattina A, Re A, Arnone M, Citarda S, Cerasola G. Intra-renal hemodynamics and carotid intima-media thickness in the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2009;86(3):177–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2009.09.015.CrossRefPubMed

118.

Kim SR, Lerman LO. Diagnostic imaging in the management of patients with metabolic syndrome. Transl Res. 2018;194:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2017.10.009.CrossRefPubMed

119.

Zhang JL. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the kidneys-with and without gadolinium-based contrast. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2017;24(3):162–8. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ackd.2017.03.006.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

120.

Fervenza FC, Sethi S. Renal biopsy findings in patients with extreme obesity: more heterogeneous than you think. Kidney Int. 2019;95(3):495–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2018.12.008.CrossRefPubMed

121.

Kambham N, Markowitz GS, Valeri AM, Lin J, D’Agati VD. Obesity-related glomerulopathy: an emerging epidemic. Kidney Int. 2001;59(4):1498–509. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.0590041498.x.CrossRefPubMed

122.

Serra A, Romero R, Lopez D, Navarro M, Esteve A, Perez N, Alastrue A, Ariza A. Renal injury in the extremely obese patients with normal renal function. Kidney Int. 2008;73(8):947–55. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5002796.CrossRefPubMed

123.

Choung HG, Bomback AS, Stokes MB, Santoriello D, Campenot ES, Batal I, Markowitz GS, D’Agati VD. The spectrum of kidney biopsy findings in patients with morbid obesity. Kidney Int. 2019;95(3):647–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2018.11.026.CrossRefPubMed

124.

D’Agati VD, Chagnac A, de Vries AP, Levi M, Porrini E, Herman-Edelstein M, Praga M. Obesity-related glomerulopathy: clinical and pathologic characteristics and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2016;12(8):453–71. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2016.75.CrossRefPubMed

125.

Tsuboi N, Okabayashi Y, Shimizu A, Yokoo T. The renal pathology of obesity. Kidney Int Rep. 2017;2(2):251–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2017.01.007.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

126.

Mangat G, Nair N, Barat O, Abboud B, Pais P, Bagga S, Raina R. Obesity-related glomerulopathy in children: connecting pathophysiology to clinical care. Clin Kidney J. 2022;16(4):611–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfac233.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

127.

Liu R. Tubuloglomerular feedback: a key player in obesity-associated kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2022;322(6):587–8. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00068.2022.CrossRef

128.

Kawanishi K, Takei T, Kojima C, Moriyama T, Sugiura H, Itabashi M, Tsukada M, Uchida K, Honda K, Nitta K. Three cases of late-onset oligomeganephronia. NDT Plus. 2011;4(1):14–6. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndtplus/sfq175.CrossRefPubMed

129.

Hunley TE, Ma LJ, Kon V. Scope and mechanisms of obesity-related renal disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2010;19(3):227–34. https://doi.org/10.1097/MNH.0b013e3283374c09.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

130.

Han MH, Kim YJ. Practical application of columbia classification for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:9375753. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9375753.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

131.

Sethi S, Zand L, Nasr SH, Glassock RJ, Fervenza FC. Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis: clinical and kidney biopsy correlations. Clin Kidney J. 2014;7(6):531–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfu100.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

132.

Reiser J, Altintas MM. Podocytes. F1000Res. 2016;5:F1000. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.7255.1.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

133.

Lu CC, Wang GH, Lu J, Chen PP, Zhang Y, Hu ZB, Ma KL. Role of podocyte injury in glomerulosclerosis. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2019;1165:195–232. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8871-2_10.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

134.

Trimarchi H. Mechanisms of podocyte detachment, podocyturia, and risk of progression of glomerulopathies. Kidney Dis (Basel). 2020;6(5):324–9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000507997.CrossRefPubMed

135.

Kriz W, Hähnel B, Hosser H, Rösener S, Waldherr R. Structural analysis of how podocytes detach from the glomerular basement membrane under hypertrophic stress. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2014;5:207. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2014.00207.CrossRefPubMed

136.

Sharma I, Liao Y, Zheng X, Kanwar YS. New Pandemic: Obesity and Associated Nephropathy. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;8:673556. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.673556.CrossRef

137.

Mount P, Davies M, Choy SW, Cook N, Power D. Obesity-related chronic kidney disease-the role of lipid metabolism. Metabolites. 2015;5(4):720–32. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo5040720.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

138.

Yang S, Cao C, Deng T, Zhou Z. Obesity-related glomerulopathy: A latent change in obesity requiring more attention. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2020;45(4):510–22. https://doi.org/10.1159/000507784.CrossRefPubMed

139.

D’Agati VD. Pathobiology of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: new developments. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2012;21(3):243–50. https://doi.org/10.1097/MNH.0b013e32835200df.CrossRefPubMed

140.

Sethi S, Glassock RJ, Fervenza FC. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: towards a better understanding for the practicing nephrologist. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2015;30(3):375–84. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfu035.CrossRefPubMed

141.

Verde L, Lucà S, Cernea S, Sulu C, Yumuk VD, Jenssen TG, Savastano S, Sarno G, Colao A, Barrea L, Muscogiuri G. The fat kidney. Curr Obes Rep. 2023;12(2):86–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-023-00500-9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

142.

Tirosh A, Golan R, Harman-Boehm I, Henkin Y, Schwarzfuchs D, Rudich A, Kovsan J, Fiedler GM, Blüher M, Stumvoll M, Thiery J, Stampfer MJ, Shai I. Renal function following three distinct weight loss dietary strategies during 2 years of a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(8):2225–32. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-1846.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

143.

Muscogiuri G, El Ghoch M, Colao A, Hassapidou M, Yumuk V, Busetto L, Obesity Management Task Force (OMTF) of the European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO). European guidelines for obesity management in adults with a very low-calorie ketogenic diet: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Facts. 2021;14(2):222–45. https://doi.org/10.1159/000515381.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

144.

Joshi S, Shi R, Patel J. Risks of the ketogenic diet in CKD - the con part. Clin Kidney J. 2023;17(1):sfad274. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfad274.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

145.

Bruci A, Tuccinardi D, Tozzi R, Balena A, Santucci S, Frontani R, Mariani S, Basciani S, Spera G, Gnessi L, Lubrano C, Watanabe M. Very low-calorie ketogenic diet: A safe and effective tool for weight loss in patients with obesity and mild kidney failure. Nutrients. 2020;12(2):333. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020333.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

146.

Mann JFE, Ørsted DD, Brown-Frandsen K, Marso SP, Poulter NR, Rasmussen S, Tornøe K, Zinman B, Buse JB, LEADER Steering Committee and Investigators. Liraglutide and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(9):839–48. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1616011.CrossRefPubMed

147.

Verma S, McGuire DK, Bain SC, Bhatt DL, Leiter LA, Mazer CD, Monk Fries T, Pratley RE, Rasmussen S, Vrazic H, Zinman B, Buse JB. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists liraglutide and semaglutide on cardiovascular and renal outcomes across body mass index categories in type 2 diabetes: Results of the LEADER and SUSTAIN 6 trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020;22(12):2487–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14160.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

148.

Gerstein HC, Colhoun HM, Dagenais GR, Diaz R, Lakshmanan M, Pais P, Probstfield J, Botros FT, Riddle MC, Rydén L, Xavier D, Atisso CM, Dyal L, Hall S, Rao-Melacini P, Wong G, Avezum A, Basile J, Chung N, Conget I, Cushman WC, Franek E, Hancu N, Hanefeld M, Holt S, Jansky P, Keltai M, Lanas F, Leiter LA, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Cardona Munoz EG, Pirags V, Pogosova N, Raubenheimer PJ, Shaw JE, Sheu WH, Temelkova-Kurktschiev T, REWIND Investigators. Dulaglutide and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an exploratory analysis of the REWIND randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2019;394(10193):131–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31150-X.CrossRefPubMed

149.

Verma S, Mazer CD, Perkovic V. Is it time to REWIND the cardiorenal clock in diabetes? Lancet. 2019;394(10193):95–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31267-X.CrossRefPubMed

150.

Pi-Sunyer X, Astrup A, Fujioka K, Greenway F, Halpern A, Krempf M, Lau DC, le Roux CW, Violante Ortiz R, Jensen CB, Wilding JP, SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes NN8022-1839 Study Group. A Randomized, Controlled Trial of 30 mg of Liraglutide in Weight Management. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(1):11–22. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1411892.CrossRefPubMed

151.

Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, Davies M, Van Gaal LF, Lingvay I, McGowan BM, Rosenstock J, Tran MTD, Wadden TA, Wharton S, Yokote K, Zeuthen N, Kushner RF, STEP 1 Study Group. Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(11):989–1002. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2032183.CrossRefPubMed

152.

Vallianou NG, Tsilingiris D, Kounatidis D, Lempesis IG, Karampela I, Dalamaga M. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in obesity and associated cardiometabolic disorders: where do we stand? Pol Arch Intern Med. 2022;132(10):16342. https://doi.org/10.20452/pamw.16342.CrossRefPubMed

153.

Lempesis IG, Apple SJ, Duarte G, Palaiodimos L, Kalaitzopoulos DR, Dalamaga M, Kokkinidis DG. Cardiometabolic effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2023;39(6):e3682. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3682.CrossRefPubMed

154.

Vallianou NG, Christodoulatos GS, Kounatidis D, Dalamaga M. Sotagliflozin, a dual SGLT1 and SGLT2 inhibitor: In the heart of the problem. Metabol Open. 2021;10:100089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2021.100089.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

155.

Wanner C, Inzucchi SE, Lachin JM, Fitchett D, von Eynatten M, Mattheus M, Johansen OE, Woerle HJ, Broedl UC, Zinman B, EMPA-REG OUTCOME Investigators. Empagliflozin and progression of kidney disease in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(4):323–34. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1515920.CrossRefPubMed

156.

Perkovic V, Jardine MJ, Neal B, Bompoint S, Heerspink HJL, Charytan DM, Edwards R, Agarwal R, Bakris G, Bull S, Cannon CP, Capuano G, Chu PL, de Zeeuw D, Greene T, Levin A, Pollock C, Wheeler DC, Yavin Y, Zhang H, Zinman B, Meininger G, Brenner BM, Mahaffey KW, CREDENCE Trial Investigators. Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(24):2295–306. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1811744.CrossRefPubMed

157.

Heerspink HJL, Stefánsson BV, Correa-Rotter R, Chertow GM, Greene T, Hou FF, Mann JFE, McMurray JJV, Lindberg M, Rossing P, Sjöström CD, Toto RD, Langkilde AM, Wheeler DC, DAPA-CKD Trial Committees and Investigators. Dapagliflozin in Patients with chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(15):1436–46. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2024816.CrossRefPubMed

158.

Lempesis IG, Liu J, Dalamaga M. The catcher in the gut: Tirzepatide, a dual incretin analog for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. Metabol Open. 2022;16:100220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2022.100220.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

159.

Frías JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, Pérez Manghi FC, Fernández Landó L, Bergman BK, Liu B, Cui X, Brown K, SURPASS-2 Investigators. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(6):503–15. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2107519.CrossRefPubMed

160.

Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, Wharton S, Connery L, Alves B, Kiyosue A, Zhang S, Liu B, Bunck MC, Stefanski A, SURMOUNT-1 Investigators. Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(3):205–16. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2206038.CrossRefPubMed

161.

Heerspink HJL, Agarwal R, Bakris GL, Cherney DZI, Lam CSP, Neuen BL, Sarafidis PA, Tuttle KR, Wanner C, Brinker MD, Dizayee S, Kolkhof P, Schloemer P, Vesterinen P, Perkovic V, FIND-CKD investigators. Design and baseline characteristics of the Finerenone, in addition to standard of care, on the progression of kidney disease in patients with Non-Diabetic Chronic Kidney Disease (FIND-CKD) randomized trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2024;11:gfae132. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfae132.CrossRef

162.

Liu Z, Gan L, Xu Y, Luo D, Ren Q, Wu S, Sun C. Melatonin alleviates inflammasome-induced pyroptosis through inhibiting NF-κB/GSDMD signal in mice adipose tissue. J Pineal Res. 2017;63(1):e12414. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpi.12414.CrossRef

163.

Wang M, Wang Z, Chen Y, Dong Y. Kidney damage caused by obesity and its feasible treatment drugs. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(2):747. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020747.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

164.

Tan DX, Manchester LC, Fuentes-Broto L, Paredes SD, Reiter RJ. Significance and application of melatonin in the regulation of brown adipose tissue metabolism: relation to human obesity. Obes Rev. 2011;12(3):167–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00756.x.CrossRefPubMed

165.

Argyrakopoulou G, Konstantinidou SK, Dalamaga M, Kokkinos A. Nutritional Deficiencies Before and After Bariatric Surgery: Prevention and Treatment. Curr Nutr Rep. 2022;11(2):95–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-022-00400-9.CrossRefPubMed

166.

Konstantinidou SK, Argyrakopoulou G, Dalamaga M, Kokkinos A. The effects of bariatric surgery on pharmacokinetics of drugs: A review of current evidence. Curr Nutr Rep. 2023;12(4):695–708. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-023-00498-5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

167.

Rosen CJ, Ingelfinger JR. Shifting Tides Offer New Hope For Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(3):271–3. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe2206939.CrossRefPubMed

168.

Jastreboff AM, Kaplan LM, Frías JP, Wu Q, Du Y, Gurbuz S, Coskun T, Haupt A, Milicevic Z, Hartman ML, Retatrutide Phase 2 Obesity Trial Investigators. Triple-Hormone-Receptor agonist retatrutide for obesity - a phase 2 trial. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(6):514–26. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2301972.CrossRefPubMed

169.

Patti ME, Triple G. Agonists - a home run for obesity? N Engl J Med. 2023;389(6):562–3. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe2307282.CrossRefPubMed

170.

Vallianou NG, Geladari EV, Kounatidis D, Geladari CV, Stratigou T, Dourakis SP, Andreadis EA, Dalamaga M. Diabetes mellitus in the era of climate change. Diabetes Metab. 2021;47(4):101205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabet.2020.10.003.CrossRefPubMed

171.

Hroussalas G, Kassi E, Dalamaga M, Delimaris I, Zachari A, Dionyssiou-Asteriou A. Leptin, soluble leptin receptor, adiponectin and resistin in relation to OGTT in overweight/obese postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 2008;59(4):339–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2008.03.012.CrossRefPubMed

172.

Papadavid E, Gazi S, Dalamaga M, Stavrianeas N, Ntelis V. Palmoplantar and scalp psoriasis occurring during anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha therapy: a case series of four patients and guidelines for management. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2008;22(3):380–2. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2007.02335.x.CrossRefPubMed

173.

Kassi E, Dalamaga M, Faviou E, Hroussalas G, Kazanis K, Nounopoulos Ch, Dionyssiou-Asteriou A. Circulating oxidized LDL levels, current smoking and obesity in postmenopausal women. Atherosclerosis. 2009;205(1):279–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.11.006.CrossRefPubMed

174.

Papadavid E, Katsimbri P, Kapniari I, Koumaki D, Karamparpa A, Dalamaga M, Tzannis K, Βoumpas D, Rigopoulos D. Prevalence of psoriatic arthritis and its correlates among patients with psoriasis in Greece: results from a large retrospective study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016;30(10):1749–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.13700.CrossRefPubMed

175.

Stratigou T, Dalamaga M, Antonakos G, Marinou I, Vogiatzakis E, Christodoulatos GS, Karampela I, Papavassiliou AG. Hyperirisinemia is independently associated with subclinical hypothyroidism: correlations with cardiometabolic biomarkers and risk factors. Endocrine. 2018;61(1):83–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-018-1550-3.CrossRefPubMed

176.

Dalamaga M, Papadavid E, Basios G, Vaggopoulos V, Rigopoulos D, Kassanos D, Trakakis E. Ovarian SAHA syndrome is associated with a more insulin-resistant profile and represents an independent risk factor for glucose abnormalities in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective controlled study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69(6):922–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2013.09.014.CrossRefPubMed

177.

Papadavid E, Dalamaga M, Vlami K, Koumaki D, Gyftopoulos S, Christodoulatos GS, Papiris S, Rigopoulos D. Psoriasis is associated with risk of obstructive sleep apnea independently from metabolic parameters and other comorbidities: a large hospital-based case-control study. Sleep Breath. 2017;21(4):949–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-017-1507-4.CrossRefPubMed

178.

Vallianou N, Kounatidis D, Christodoulatos GS, Panagopoulos F, Karampela I, Dalamaga M. Mycobiome and Cancer: What is the evidence? Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(13):3149. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13133149.CrossRefPubMed

179.

Tsilingiris D, Vallianou NG, Spyrou N, Kounatidis D, Christodoulatos GS, Karampela I, Dalamaga M. Obesity and leukemia: Biological mechanisms, perspectives, and challenges. Curr Obes Rep. 2024;13(1):1–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-023-00542-z.CrossRefPubMed

180.

Levin A, Stevens PE. Summary of KDIGO 2012 CKD Guideline: behind the scenes, need for guidance, and a framework for moving forward. Kidney Int. 2014;85(1):49–61. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2013.444.CrossRefPubMed

181.

O’Hare AM. Measures to define chronic kidney disease. JAMA. 2013;309(13):1343. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.1328.CrossRefPubMed

182.

Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Zhang YL, Castro AF 3rd, Feldman HI, Kusek JW, Eggers P, Van Lente F, Greene T, Coresh J, CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration). A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(9):604–12. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

183.

Dalamaga M, Muscogiuri G, Paganitsa G, Parvouleskou G, Syriou V, Karagkoynis P, Stratigou T, Vallianou N, Christodoulatos GS, Karampela I, Daskalopoulou K. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is an independent predictor of circulating vitamin D levels in normal weight and non-smoker adults: an observational cross-sectional study. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2021;72(6):848–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637486.2021.1878488.CrossRefPubMed

184.

https://www.kidney.org/content/ckd-epi-creatinine-equation-2021.

185.

Delanaye P, Mariat C, Cavalier E, Krzesinski JM. Errors induced by indexing glomerular filtration rate for body surface area: reductio ad absurdum. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24(12):3593–6. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfp431.CrossRefPubMed

186.

Domislovic M, Domislovic V, Fucek M, Jelakovic A, Gellineo L, Dika Z, Jelakovic B. Should the CKD EPI Equation Be Used for Estimation of the Glomerular Filtration Rate in Obese Subjects? Kidney Blood Press Res. 2022;47(10):597–604. https://doi.org/10.1159/000526115.CrossRefPubMed

187.

Fryar CD, Gu Q, Ogden CL, Flegal KM. Anthropometric reference data for children and adults: United States, 2011-2014. Vital Health Stat 3 Anal Stud. 2016;39:1–46.

188.

Porrini E, Ruggenenti P, Luis-Lima S, Carrara F, Jiménez A, de Vries APJ, Torres A, Gaspari F, Remuzzi G. Estimated GFR: time for a critical appraisal. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2019;15(3):177–90. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-018-0080-9. (Erratum.In:NatRevNephrol.2019;15(2):121.doi:10.1038/s41581-018-0105-4).CrossRefPubMed

189.

Lu JL, Molnar MZ, Naseer A, Mikkelsen MK, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kovesdy CP. Association of age and BMI with kidney function and mortality: a cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015;3(9):704–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00128-X.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

190.

Kalantar-Zadeh K, Rhee CM, Chou J, Ahmadi SF, Park J, Chen JL, Amin AN. The obesity paradox in kidney disease: how to reconcile it with obesity management. Kidney Int Rep. 2017;2(2):271–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2017.01.009.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

191.

Marouga A, Dalamaga M, Kastania AN, Antonakos G, Thrasyvoulides A, Kontelia G, Dimas C, Vlahakos DV. Correlates of serum resistin in elderly, non-diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin Lab. 2013;59(9–10):1121–8. https://doi.org/10.7754/clin.lab.2012.121112.CrossRefPubMed

192.

Marouga A, Dalamaga M, Kastania AN, Kroupis C, Lagiou M, Saounatsou K, Dimas K, Vlahakos DV. Circulating resistin is a significant predictor of mortality independently from cardiovascular comorbidities in elderly, non-diabetic subjects with chronic kidney disease. Biomarkers. 2016;21(1):73–9. https://doi.org/10.3109/1354750X.2015.1118536.CrossRefPubMed

193.

Ahmadi SF, Zahmatkesh G, Ahmadi E, Streja E, Rhee CM, Gillen DL, De Nicola L, Minutolo R, Ricardo AC, Kovesdy CP, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Association of body mass index with clinical outcomes in non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiorenal Med. 2015;6(1):37–49. https://doi.org/10.1159/000437277.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

194.

Ahmadi SF, Zahmatkesh G, Streja E, Molnar MZ, Rhee CM, Kovesdy CP, Gillen DL, Steiner S, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Body mass index and mortality in kidney transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Nephrol. 2014;40(4):315–24. https://doi.org/10.1159/000367812.CrossRefPubMed

195.

Karampela I, Chrysanthopoulou E, Christodoulatos GS, Dalamaga M. Is there an obesity paradox in critical illness? Epidemiologic and metabolic considerations. Curr Obes Rep. 2020;9(3):231–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-020-00394-x.CrossRefPubMed

196.

Karampela I, Christodoulatos GS, Dalamaga M. The role of adipose tissue and adipokines in sepsis: inflammatory and metabolic considerations, and the obesity paradox. Curr Obes Rep. 2019;8(4):434–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-019-00360-2.CrossRefPubMed

197.

Simati S, Kokkinos A, Dalamaga M, Argyrakopoulou G. Obesity paradox: Fact or fiction? Curr Obes Rep. 2023;12(2):75–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-023-00497-1.CrossRefPubMed

198.

Dalamaga M, Christodoulatos GS, Karampela I, Vallianou N, Apovian CM. Understanding the Co-Epidemic of obesity and COVID-19: Current evidence, comparison with previous epidemics, mechanisms, and preventive and therapeutic perspectives. Curr Obes Rep. 2021;10(3):214–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-021-00436-y.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

199.

Argyrakopoulou G, Dalamaga M, Spyrou N, Kokkinos A. Gender differences in obesity-related cancers. Curr Obes Rep. 2021;10(2):100–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-021-00426-0.CrossRefPubMed

200.

Amanatidou E, Gkiouliava A, Pella E, Serafidi M, Tsilingiris D, Vallianou NG, Karampela I, Dalamaga M. Breakthrough infections after COVID-19 vaccination: Insights, perspectives and challenges. Metabol Open. 2022;14:100180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2022.100180.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

201.

Karampela I, Vallianou NG, Tsilingiris D, Christodoulatos GS, Psallida S, Kounatidis D, Stratigou T, Marinou I, Vogiatzakis E, Dalamaga M. Alterations of the adipo-myokine irisin in sepsis and septic shock: Diagnostic and prognostic implications. Biomolecules. 2024;14(3):291. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14030291.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

202.

Dalamaga M, Karmaniolas K, Nikolaidou A, Chamberland J, Hsi A, Dionyssiou-Asteriou A, Mantzoros CS. Adiponectin and resistin are associated with risk for myelodysplastic syndrome, independently from the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) system. Eur J Cancer. 2008;44(12):1744–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2008.04.015.CrossRefPubMed

203.

Dalamaga M, Nikolaidou A, Karmaniolas K, Hsi A, Chamberland J, Dionyssiou-Asteriou A, Mantzoros CS. Circulating adiponectin and leptin in relation to myelodysplastic syndrome: a case-control study. Oncology. 2007;73(1–2):26–32. https://doi.org/10.1159/000120995.CrossRefPubMed

204.

Tsilingiris D, Vallianou NG, Karampela I, Dalamaga M. Vaccine induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia: The shady chapter of a success story. Metabol Open. 2021;11:100101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2021.100101.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

205.

Dalamaga M, Karmaniolas K, Matekovits A, Migdalis I, Papadavid E. Cutaneous manifestations in relation to immunologic parameters in a cohort of primary myelodysplastic syndrome patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2008;22(5):543–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2007.02520.x.CrossRefPubMed

206.

Vallianou NG, Kounatidis D, Psallida S, Panagopoulos F, Stratigou T, Geladari E, Karampela I, Tsilingiris D, Dalamaga M. The interplay between dietary choline and cardiometabolic disorders: A review of current evidence. Curr Nutr Rep. 2024;13(2):152–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-024-00521-3.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

207.

Spyrou N, Vallianou N, Kadillari J, Dalamaga M. The interplay of obesity, gut microbiome and diet in the immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy era. Semin Cancer Biol. 2021;73:356–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.05.008.CrossRefPubMed

208.

Kounatidis D, Vallianou NG, Psallida S, Panagopoulos F, Margellou E, Tsilingiris D, Karampela I, Stratigou T, Dalamaga M. Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury: Where are we now? Medicina (Kaunas). 2024;60(3):434. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60030434.CrossRefPubMed

EASD 2024

Springer Medicine

The Kidney in Obesity: Current Evidence, Perspectives and Controversies

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Recent findings

Summary