Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the second most common primary liver cancer after hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), accounting for approximately 10–15% of all primary liver cancers (Banales
2020). Biliary tract cancers (BTC) comprise a heterogeneous group of invasive adenocarcinomas originating from the gallbladder or cystic duct (GBC), and the biliary tree (CCA) (ESMO Guideline
2023). CCA is further subclassified into intrahepatic (iCCA), perihilar (pCCA), and distal (dCCA) subtypes, based on their anatomical location (EASL-ILCA Guideline
2023). ICCA arises between the bile ductules and the second-order bile ducts. …