Skip to main content
Top
Published in:

18-06-2024 | Cardiomyopathy | Pediatric Hypertension (C Hanevold, Section Editor)

Beneficial Effects of Exercise on Hypertension-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy in Adolescents and Young Adults

Authors: Takeshi Tsuda, Bradley W. Robinson

Published in: Current Hypertension Reports | Issue 11/2024

Login to get access

Abstract

Purpose of review

Hypertension-induced cardiac hypertrophy is widely known as a major risk factor for increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although exercise is proven to exert overall beneficial effects on hypertension and hypertension-induced cardiac hypertrophy, there are some concerns among providers about potential adverse effects induced by intense exercise, especially in hypertensive athletes. We will overview the underlying mechanisms of physiological and pathological hypertrophy and delineate the beneficial effects of exercise in young people with hypertension and consequent hypertrophy.

Recent findings

Multiple studies have demonstrated that exercise training, both endurance and resistance types, reduces blood pressure and ameliorates hypertrophy in hypertensives, but certain precautions are required for hypertensive athletes when allowing competitive sports: Elevated blood pressure should be controlled before allowing them to participate in high-intensity exercise. Non-vigorous and recreational exercise are always recommended to promote cardiovascular health.

Summary

Exercise-induced cardiac adaptation is a benign and favorable response that reverses or attenuates pathological cardiovascular remodeling induced by persistent hypertension. Exercise is the most effective nonpharmacological treatment for hypertensive individuals. Distinction between recreational-level exercise and competitive sports should be recognized by medical providers when allowing sports participation for adolescents and young adults.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Carlos FP, Gradinetti V, Manchini M, de Tarso C, de Carvalho P, Silva JA Jr, Girardi ACC, Leal-Junior ECP, Bocalini DS, Vieira S, Antonio EL, Tucci P, Serra AJ. Role of low-level laser therapy on the cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction: A systematic review of experimental studies. Life Sci. 2016;151:109–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.058. Carlos FP, Gradinetti V, Manchini M, de Tarso C, de Carvalho P, Silva JA Jr, Girardi ACC, Leal-Junior ECP, Bocalini DS, Vieira S, Antonio EL, Tucci P, Serra AJ. Role of low-level laser therapy on the cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction: A systematic review of experimental studies. Life Sci. 2016;151:109–14. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​lfs.​2016.​02.​058.
13.
go back to reference Bar-Or O, Rowland TW. Pediatric exercise medicine: from physiologic principles to health care application. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Chapter 1, Physiologic and Perceptual Responses to Exercise in the Healthy Child. 2004. p. 3–58. Bar-Or O, Rowland TW. Pediatric exercise medicine: from physiologic principles to health care application. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Chapter 1, Physiologic and Perceptual Responses to Exercise in the Healthy Child. 2004. p. 3–58.
16.
go back to reference McMullen KWaJ. The Athlete’s Heart vs the Failing Heart: Can Signaling explain the two distinct outcomes? Physiology. 2011;26:97-105 McMullen KWaJ. The Athlete’s Heart vs the Failing Heart: Can Signaling explain the two distinct outcomes? Physiology. 2011;26:97-105
19.
go back to reference Mitchell. Cardiovascular response to adaptation to exercise Chapter 86 Advances in Sports Cardiology. 1997. pp 6–13. Mitchell. Cardiovascular response to adaptation to exercise Chapter 86 Advances in Sports Cardiology. 1997. pp 6–13.
24.
go back to reference Levine BD, Baggish AL, Kovacs RJ, Link MS, Maron MS, Mitchell JH. Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 1: Classification of Sports: Dynamic, Static, and Impact: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66:2350–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.09.033.CrossRefPubMed Levine BD, Baggish AL, Kovacs RJ, Link MS, Maron MS, Mitchell JH. Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 1: Classification of Sports: Dynamic, Static, and Impact: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66:2350–5. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​jacc.​2015.​09.​033.CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Miner JW. Why 70% of kids quit sports by age 13 Washington Post, 1 June 2016. Miner JW. Why 70% of kids quit sports by age 13 Washington Post, 1 June 2016.
26.
go back to reference Hansen D, Abreu A, Ambrosetti M, Cornelissen V, Gevaert A, Kemps H, Laukkanen JA, Pedretti R, Simonenko M, Wilhelm M, Davos CH, Doehner W, Iliou MC, Krankel N, Voller H, Piepoli M. Exercise intensity assessment and prescription in cardiovascular rehabilitation and beyond: why and how: a position statement from the Secondary Prevention and Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2022;29:230–45. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwab007.CrossRefPubMed Hansen D, Abreu A, Ambrosetti M, Cornelissen V, Gevaert A, Kemps H, Laukkanen JA, Pedretti R, Simonenko M, Wilhelm M, Davos CH, Doehner W, Iliou MC, Krankel N, Voller H, Piepoli M. Exercise intensity assessment and prescription in cardiovascular rehabilitation and beyond: why and how: a position statement from the Secondary Prevention and Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2022;29:230–45. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​eurjpc/​zwab007.CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Pelliccia A, Solberg EE, Papadakis M, Adami PE, Biffi A, Caselli S, La Gerche A, Niebauer J, Pressler A, Schmied CM, Serratosa L, Halle M, Van Buuren F, Borjesson M, Carre F, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop NM, Heidbuchel H, Olivotto I, Corrado D, Sinagra G, Sharma S. Recommendations for participation in competitive and leisure time sport in athletes with cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, and pericarditis: position statement of the Sport Cardiology Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC). Eur Heart J. 2019;40:19–33. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy730.CrossRefPubMed Pelliccia A, Solberg EE, Papadakis M, Adami PE, Biffi A, Caselli S, La Gerche A, Niebauer J, Pressler A, Schmied CM, Serratosa L, Halle M, Van Buuren F, Borjesson M, Carre F, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop NM, Heidbuchel H, Olivotto I, Corrado D, Sinagra G, Sharma S. Recommendations for participation in competitive and leisure time sport in athletes with cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, and pericarditis: position statement of the Sport Cardiology Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC). Eur Heart J. 2019;40:19–33. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​eurheartj/​ehy730.CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, Bridges CR, Califf RM, Casey DE, Jr., Chavey WE, 2nd, Fesmire FM, Hochman JS, Levin TN, Lincoff AM, Peterson ED, Theroux P, Wenger NK, Wright RS, Smith SC, Jr., Jacobs AK, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Antman EM, Halperin JL, Hunt SA, Krumholz HM, Kushner FG, Lytle BW, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B, American College of C, American Heart Association Task Force on Practice G, American College of Emergency P, Society for Cardiovascular A, Interventions, Society of Thoracic S, American Association of C, Pulmonary R, Society for Academic Emergency M ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-Elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction) developed in collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:e1-e157 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2007.02.013. Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, Bridges CR, Califf RM, Casey DE, Jr., Chavey WE, 2nd, Fesmire FM, Hochman JS, Levin TN, Lincoff AM, Peterson ED, Theroux P, Wenger NK, Wright RS, Smith SC, Jr., Jacobs AK, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Antman EM, Halperin JL, Hunt SA, Krumholz HM, Kushner FG, Lytle BW, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B, American College of C, American Heart Association Task Force on Practice G, American College of Emergency P, Society for Cardiovascular A, Interventions, Society of Thoracic S, American Association of C, Pulmonary R, Society for Academic Emergency M ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-Elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction) developed in collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:e1-e157 https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​jacc.​2007.​02.​013.
37.
go back to reference Al-Khatib SM, Stevenson WG, Ackerman MJ, Bryant WJ, Callans DJ, Curtis AB, Deal BJ, Dickfeld T, Field ME, Fonarow GC, Gillis AM, Granger CB, Hammill SC, Hlatky MA, Joglar JA, Kay GN, Matlock DD, Myerburg RJ, Page RL. 2017 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: Executive summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Heart Rhythm. 2018;15:e190–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.10.035.CrossRefPubMed Al-Khatib SM, Stevenson WG, Ackerman MJ, Bryant WJ, Callans DJ, Curtis AB, Deal BJ, Dickfeld T, Field ME, Fonarow GC, Gillis AM, Granger CB, Hammill SC, Hlatky MA, Joglar JA, Kay GN, Matlock DD, Myerburg RJ, Page RL. 2017 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: Executive summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Heart Rhythm. 2018;15:e190–252. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​hrthm.​2017.​10.​035.CrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Ommen SR, Mital S, Burke MA, Day SM, Deswal A, Elliott P, Evanovich LL, Hung J, Joglar JA, Kantor P, Kimmelstiel C, Kittleson M, Link MS, Maron MS, Martinez MW, Miyake CY, Schaff HV, Semsarian C, Sorajja P. 2020 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76:3022–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.044.CrossRefPubMed Ommen SR, Mital S, Burke MA, Day SM, Deswal A, Elliott P, Evanovich LL, Hung J, Joglar JA, Kantor P, Kimmelstiel C, Kittleson M, Link MS, Maron MS, Martinez MW, Miyake CY, Schaff HV, Semsarian C, Sorajja P. 2020 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76:3022–55. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​jacc.​2020.​08.​044.CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Maron BJ, Udelson JE, Bonow RO, Nishimura RA, Ackerman MJ, Estes NAM 3rd, Cooper LT Jr, Link MS, Maron MS. Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 3: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy and Other Cardiomyopathies, and Myocarditis: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66:2362–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.09.035.CrossRefPubMed Maron BJ, Udelson JE, Bonow RO, Nishimura RA, Ackerman MJ, Estes NAM 3rd, Cooper LT Jr, Link MS, Maron MS. Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 3: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy and Other Cardiomyopathies, and Myocarditis: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66:2362–71. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​jacc.​2015.​09.​035.CrossRefPubMed
40.
go back to reference Basso C, Maron BJ, Corrado D, Thiene G. Clinical profile of congenital coronary artery anomalies with origin from the wrong aortic sinus leading to sudden death in young competitive athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35:1493–501.CrossRefPubMed Basso C, Maron BJ, Corrado D, Thiene G. Clinical profile of congenital coronary artery anomalies with origin from the wrong aortic sinus leading to sudden death in young competitive athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35:1493–501.CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Patriki D, Baltensperger N, Berg J, Cooper LT, Kissel CK, Kottwitz J, Lovrinovic M, Manka R, Scherff F, Schmied C, Tanner FC, Luescher TF, Heidecker B. A Prospective Pilot Study to Identify a Myocarditis Cohort who may Safely Resume Sports Activities 3 Months after Diagnosis. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2021;14:670–3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12265-020-09983-6.CrossRefPubMed Patriki D, Baltensperger N, Berg J, Cooper LT, Kissel CK, Kottwitz J, Lovrinovic M, Manka R, Scherff F, Schmied C, Tanner FC, Luescher TF, Heidecker B. A Prospective Pilot Study to Identify a Myocarditis Cohort who may Safely Resume Sports Activities 3 Months after Diagnosis. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2021;14:670–3. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s12265-020-09983-6.CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference BJ Maron RA Friedman P Kligfield BD Levine S Viskin BR Chaitman PM Okin JP Saul L Salberg GF Hare Van EZ Soliman J Chen GP Matherne SF Bolling MJ Mitten A Caplan GJ Balady PD Thompson AHA Council on Clinical C, Advocacy Coordinating C, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Y, Council on Cardiovascular S, Anesthesia, Council on E, Prevention, Council on Functional G, Translational B, Council on Quality of C, Outcomes R, American College of C. Assessment of the 12-lead electrocardiogram as a screening test for detection of cardiovascular disease in healthy general populations of young people (12–25 years of age): a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:1479-1514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2014.05.006. BJ Maron RA Friedman P Kligfield BD Levine S Viskin BR Chaitman PM Okin JP Saul L Salberg GF Hare Van EZ Soliman J Chen GP Matherne SF Bolling MJ Mitten A Caplan GJ Balady PD Thompson AHA Council on Clinical C, Advocacy Coordinating C, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Y, Council on Cardiovascular S, Anesthesia, Council on E, Prevention, Council on Functional G, Translational B, Council on Quality of C, Outcomes R, American College of C. Assessment of the 12-lead electrocardiogram as a screening test for detection of cardiovascular disease in healthy general populations of young people (12–25 years of age): a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:1479-1514.  https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​jacc.​2014.​05.​006.
46.
go back to reference Longmuir PE, Brothers JA, de Ferranti SD, Hayman LL, Van Hare GF, Matherne GP, Davis CK, Joy EA, McCrindle BW, American Heart Association Atherosclerosis H, Obesity in Youth Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Y. Promotion of physical activity for children and adults with congenital heart disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;127:2147-2159. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e318293688f. Longmuir PE, Brothers JA, de Ferranti SD, Hayman LL, Van Hare GF, Matherne GP, Davis CK, Joy EA, McCrindle BW, American Heart Association Atherosclerosis H, Obesity in Youth Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Y. Promotion of physical activity for children and adults with congenital heart disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;127:2147-2159.  https://​doi.​org/​10.​1161/​CIR.​0b013e318293688f​.
56.
go back to reference Cavalcante P, Perilhao M, Silva de PA, Serra A, Junior DB. Carrdiac remodeling and physical exercise: a brief review about concepts and adaptations Int J Sports Sci. 2016;6:52-61. Cavalcante P, Perilhao M, Silva de PA, Serra A, Junior DB.  Carrdiac remodeling and physical exercise: a brief review about concepts and adaptations Int J Sports Sci. 2016;6:52-61.
64.
go back to reference Chow LS, Gerszten RE, Taylor JM, Pedersen BK, van Praag H, Trappe S, Febbraio MA, Galis ZS, Gao Y, Haus JM, Lanza IR, Lavie CJ, Lee CH, Lucia A, Moro C, Pandey A, Robbins JM, Stanford KI, Thackray AE, Villeda S, Watt MJ, Xia A, Zierath JR, Goodpaster BH, Snyder MP. Exerkines in health, resilience and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2022;18:273–89. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-022-00641-2. This review article discusses molecular mechanims underlying exercise-associated benefits with exerkines, a broad variety of signaling moieties rewaleased in response to acute and/or chronic exercise.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Chow LS, Gerszten RE, Taylor JM, Pedersen BK, van Praag H, Trappe S, Febbraio MA, Galis ZS, Gao Y, Haus JM, Lanza IR, Lavie CJ, Lee CH, Lucia A, Moro C, Pandey A, Robbins JM, Stanford KI, Thackray AE, Villeda S, Watt MJ, Xia A, Zierath JR, Goodpaster BH, Snyder MP. Exerkines in health, resilience and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2022;18:273–89. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​s41574-022-00641-2. This review article discusses molecular mechanims underlying exercise-associated benefits with exerkines, a broad variety of signaling moieties rewaleased in response to acute and/or chronic exercise.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
65.
go back to reference Force T, Michael A, Kilter H, Haq S. Stretch-activated pathways and left ventricular remodeling. J Card Fail. 2002;8:S351-358 Force T, Michael A, Kilter H, Haq S. Stretch-activated pathways and left ventricular remodeling. J Card Fail. 2002;8:S351-358
66.
go back to reference Olivetti G, Capasso JM, Meggs LG, Sonnenblick EH, Anversa P. Cellular basis of chronic ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction in rats. Circ Res. 1991;68:856–69.CrossRefPubMed Olivetti G, Capasso JM, Meggs LG, Sonnenblick EH, Anversa P. Cellular basis of chronic ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction in rats. Circ Res. 1991;68:856–69.CrossRefPubMed
70.
go back to reference Grossman W. Cardiac hypertrophy: useful adaptation or pathologic process? Am J Med. 1980;69:576–84.CrossRefPubMed Grossman W. Cardiac hypertrophy: useful adaptation or pathologic process? Am J Med. 1980;69:576–84.CrossRefPubMed
74.
go back to reference D’Ascenzi F, Fiorentini C, Anselmi F, Mondillo S. Left ventricular hypertrophy in athletes: How to differentiate between hypertensive heart disease and athlete’s heart. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2021;28:1125–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487320911850. This article reviews clinical charactristics to differentiate hypertensive heart disease from athlete's heart by use of usual diagnostic testings.CrossRefPubMed D’Ascenzi F, Fiorentini C, Anselmi F, Mondillo S. Left ventricular hypertrophy in athletes: How to differentiate between hypertensive heart disease and athlete’s heart. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2021;28:1125–33. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1177/​2047487320911850​. This article reviews clinical charactristics to differentiate hypertensive heart disease from athlete's heart by use of usual diagnostic testings.CrossRefPubMed
80.
go back to reference Lopes S, Mesquita-Bastos J, Garcia C, Bertoquini S, Ribau V, Teixeira M, Ribeiro IP, Melo JB, Oliveira J, Figueiredo D, Guimaraes GV, Pescatello LS, Polonia J, Alves AJ, Ribeiro F. Effect of Exercise Training on Ambulatory Blood Pressure Among Patients With Resistant Hypertension: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2021;6:1317–23. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2021.2735.CrossRefPubMed Lopes S, Mesquita-Bastos J, Garcia C, Bertoquini S, Ribau V, Teixeira M, Ribeiro IP, Melo JB, Oliveira J, Figueiredo D, Guimaraes GV, Pescatello LS, Polonia J, Alves AJ, Ribeiro F. Effect of Exercise Training on Ambulatory Blood Pressure Among Patients With Resistant Hypertension: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2021;6:1317–23. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1001/​jamacardio.​2021.​2735.CrossRefPubMed
86.
95.
go back to reference Palatini P, Visentin P, Dorigatti F, Guarnieri C, Santonastaso M, Cozzio S, Pegoraro F, Bortolazzi A, Vriz O, Mos L, Group HS. Regular physical activity prevents development of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension Eur Heart J. 2009;30:225-232 https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehn533. Palatini P, Visentin P, Dorigatti F, Guarnieri C, Santonastaso M, Cozzio S, Pegoraro F, Bortolazzi A, Vriz O, Mos L, Group HS. Regular physical activity prevents development of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension Eur Heart J. 2009;30:225-232 https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​eurheartj/​ehn533.
97.
go back to reference Wisloff U, Stoylen A, Loennechen JP, Bruvold M, Rognmo O, Haram PM, Tjonna AE, Helgerud J, Slordahl SA, Lee SJ, Videm V, Bye A, Smith GL, Najjar SM, Ellingsen O, Skjaerpe T. Superior cardiovascular effect of aerobic interval training versus moderate continuous training in heart failure patients: a randomized study. Circulation. 2007;115:3086–94. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.675041.CrossRefPubMed Wisloff U, Stoylen A, Loennechen JP, Bruvold M, Rognmo O, Haram PM, Tjonna AE, Helgerud J, Slordahl SA, Lee SJ, Videm V, Bye A, Smith GL, Najjar SM, Ellingsen O, Skjaerpe T. Superior cardiovascular effect of aerobic interval training versus moderate continuous training in heart failure patients: a randomized study. Circulation. 2007;115:3086–94. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1161/​CIRCULATIONAHA.​106.​675041.CrossRefPubMed
99.
go back to reference TM McCambridge HJ Benjamin JS Brenner CT Cappetta RA Demorest AJ Gregory M Halstead CG Koutures CR LaBella S Martin SG Rice Council on Sports M, Fitness, 2010 Athletic participation by children and adolescents who have systemic hypertension Pediatrics. 2010;125:1287-1294. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-0658. TM McCambridge HJ Benjamin JS Brenner CT Cappetta RA Demorest AJ Gregory M Halstead CG Koutures CR LaBella S Martin SG Rice Council on Sports M, Fitness, 2010 Athletic participation by children and adolescents who have systemic hypertension Pediatrics. 2010;125:1287-1294.  https://​doi.​org/​10.​1542/​peds.​2010-0658.
100.
go back to reference Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM, Blowey D, Carroll AE, Daniels SR, de Ferranti SD, Dionne JM, Falkner B, Flinn SK, Gidding SS, Goodwin C, Leu MG, Powers ME, Rea C, Samuels J, Simasek M, Thaker VV, Urbina EM, Subcommittee On S, Management Of High Blood Pressure In C. Clinical Practice Guideline for Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2017;140. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-1904. Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM, Blowey D, Carroll AE, Daniels SR, de Ferranti SD, Dionne JM, Falkner B, Flinn SK, Gidding SS, Goodwin C, Leu MG, Powers ME, Rea C, Samuels J, Simasek M, Thaker VV, Urbina EM, Subcommittee On S, Management Of High Blood Pressure In C. Clinical Practice Guideline for Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2017;140. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1542/​peds.​2017-1904.
101.
go back to reference Niebauer J, Borjesson M, Carre F, Caselli S, Palatini P, Quattrini F, Serratosa L, Adami PE, Biffi A, Pressler A, Schmied C, van Buuren F, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop N, Solberg E, Halle M, La Gerche A, Papadakis M, Sharma S, Pelliccia A. Recommendations for participation in competitive sports of athletes with arterial hypertension: a position statement from the sports cardiology section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC). Eur Heart J. 2018;39:3664–71. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy511.CrossRefPubMed Niebauer J, Borjesson M, Carre F, Caselli S, Palatini P, Quattrini F, Serratosa L, Adami PE, Biffi A, Pressler A, Schmied C, van Buuren F, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop N, Solberg E, Halle M, La Gerche A, Papadakis M, Sharma S, Pelliccia A. Recommendations for participation in competitive sports of athletes with arterial hypertension: a position statement from the sports cardiology section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC). Eur Heart J. 2018;39:3664–71. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​eurheartj/​ehy511.CrossRefPubMed
102.
go back to reference Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE Jr, Collins KJ, Dennison Himmelfarb C, DePalma SM, Gidding S, Jamerson KA, Jones DW, MacLaughlin EJ, Muntner P, Ovbiagele B, Smith SC Jr, Spencer CC, Stafford RS, Taler SJ, Thomas RJ, Williams KA Sr, Williamson JD, Wright JT Jr. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2018;138:e426–83. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000597.CrossRefPubMed Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE Jr, Collins KJ, Dennison Himmelfarb C, DePalma SM, Gidding S, Jamerson KA, Jones DW, MacLaughlin EJ, Muntner P, Ovbiagele B, Smith SC Jr, Spencer CC, Stafford RS, Taler SJ, Thomas RJ, Williams KA Sr, Williamson JD, Wright JT Jr. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2018;138:e426–83. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1161/​CIR.​0000000000000597​.CrossRefPubMed
104.
go back to reference Niebauer J, Borjesson M, Carre F, Caselli S, Palatini P, Quattrini F, Serratosa L, Adami PE, Biffi A, Pressler A, Rasmusen HK, Schmied C, van Buuren F, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop N, Solberg EE, Halle M, Gerche A, Papadakis M, Sharma S, Pelliccia A. Brief recommendations for participation in competitive sports of athletes with arterial hypertension: Summary of a Position Statement from the Sports Cardiology Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC). Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2019;26:1549–55. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487319852807.CrossRefPubMed Niebauer J, Borjesson M, Carre F, Caselli S, Palatini P, Quattrini F, Serratosa L, Adami PE, Biffi A, Pressler A, Rasmusen HK, Schmied C, van Buuren F, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop N, Solberg EE, Halle M, Gerche A, Papadakis M, Sharma S, Pelliccia A. Brief recommendations for participation in competitive sports of athletes with arterial hypertension: Summary of a Position Statement from the Sports Cardiology Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC). Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2019;26:1549–55. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1177/​2047487319852807​.CrossRefPubMed
111.
go back to reference Hanssen H, Boardman H, Deiseroth A, Moholdt T, Simonenko M, Krankel N, Niebauer J, Tiberi M, Abreu A, Solberg EE, Pescatello L, Brguljan J, Coca A, Leeson P. Personalized exercise prescription in the prevention and treatment of arterial hypertension a Consensus Document from the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC) and the ESC Council on Hypertension. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2022;29:205–15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41371-019-0266-z. This meta-analysis paper emphaizes a beneficial role of exercise in ameliorating hypertension through personalized exercise prescription by blood pressure level.CrossRefPubMed Hanssen H, Boardman H, Deiseroth A, Moholdt T, Simonenko M, Krankel N, Niebauer J, Tiberi M, Abreu A, Solberg EE, Pescatello L, Brguljan J, Coca A, Leeson P. Personalized exercise prescription in the prevention and treatment of arterial hypertension a Consensus Document from the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC) and the ESC Council on Hypertension. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2022;29:205–15. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​s41371-019-0266-z. This meta-analysis paper emphaizes a beneficial role of exercise in ameliorating hypertension through personalized exercise prescription by blood pressure level.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Beneficial Effects of Exercise on Hypertension-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy in Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors
Takeshi Tsuda
Bradley W. Robinson
Publication date
18-06-2024
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current Hypertension Reports / Issue 11/2024
Print ISSN: 1522-6417
Electronic ISSN: 1534-3111
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-024-01313-4

A quick guide to ECGs

Improve your ECG interpretation skills with this comprehensive, rapid, interactive course. Expert advice provides detailed feedback as you work through 50 ECGs covering the most common cardiac presentations to ensure your practice stays up to date. 

PD Dr. Carsten W. Israel
Developed by: Springer Medizin
Start the cases

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

  • Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Medication non-adherence is a major barrier to effective healthcare delivery; half of all patients do not follow their doctor’s recommendations or treatment plan.

Our experts explain the fundamentals with a practical discussion of how to manage non-adherence in two common scenarios: hypertension and asthma control.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Watch now