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Current Cardiology Reports

The Effects of Energy Drinks on the Cardiovascular System: A Systematic Review

  • Open Access
  • 14-12-2025
  • Cardiology
  • Cardiometabolic Disease (DM and CV) (CJ Lavie, Section Editor)
Published in:
Authors
Joseph Mandato
Rei Kola
Troy Tyson
Luke Laffin
Robert Bales
Published in
Current Cardiology Reports | Issue 1/2025

Abstract

Introduction

Energy drinks are widely marketed to enhance alertness and performance, making them a rapidly growing industry valued at $73.99 billion. These beverages typically contain caffeine and other stimulants, but their consumption has raised concerns about potential cardiovascular risks, including arrhythmias, tachycardia, and hypertension, particularly among young adults. While moderate caffeine intake may offer health benefits, excessive consumption of energy drinks has been linked to increased cardiovascular risks. This systematic review aims to explore the cardiovascular effects of energy drink consumption, identify knowledge gaps, and guide clinicians in making recommendations.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases, including CENTRAL, CINAHL, MEDLINE, PubMed, and others. Studies were screened for those involving energy drink consumption and cardiovascular outcomes such as heart rate, blood pressure, and ECG changes. After screening abstracts, full-text articles were reviewed based on inclusion criteria: participants aged 13+, energy drink consumption, and relevant cardiovascular endpoints.

Results

A total of 1,444 references were screened, resulting in 37 studies with 1,597 participants (mean age 22.6). Red Bull and Monster were the most studied brands. Results showed significant cardiovascular effects, including increased heart rate (60.9%), systolic blood pressure (53.8%), diastolic blood pressure (61.5%), and QTc interval prolongation (63.2%). Other ECG changes, such as PR interval and T-wave alterations, were observed in 57.9% of studies.

Conclusion

This review highlights the cardiovascular risks of energy drinks, including increased heart rate, blood pressure, and QTc prolongation. Future research should focus on at-risk groups and long-term effects.
Title
The Effects of Energy Drinks on the Cardiovascular System: A Systematic Review
Authors
Joseph Mandato
Rei Kola
Troy Tyson
Luke Laffin
Robert Bales
Publication date
14-12-2025
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current Cardiology Reports / Issue 1/2025
Print ISSN: 1523-3782
Electronic ISSN: 1534-3170
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-025-02293-w
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This content is intended for healthcare professionals outside of the UK.

Independent Medical Education Grant:
  • Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Learn more Link opens in a new window
Image Credits
Collection colourful drinks cans/© © Curioso.Photography / Generated with AI / stock.adobe.com, Abstract graphic of layered, concentric circular shapes in bright green, pink, blue, and purple on a dark blue background. The rings and segments form a complex radial pattern without text/© Springer Health+ IME