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Current Cardiology Reports

VO2 Max in Clinical Cardiology: Clinical Applications, Evidence Gaps, and Future Directions

  • 01-12-2025
  • Cardiac Amyloidosis
  • Cardiometabolic Disease (DM and CV) (CJ Lavie, Section Editor)
Published in:
Authors
Hesham M. Abdalla
Luke Dreher
Hunter VanDolah
Adam Bacon
Mohammed El-Nayir
Mahmoud Abdelnabi
Ramzi Ibrahim
Hoang Nhat Pham
George Bcharah
Girish Pathangey
Courtney Wheatley-Guy
Satyajit Reddy
Juan Farina
Chadi Ayoub
Reza Arsanjani
Published in
Current Cardiology Reports | Issue 1/2025

Abstract

Purpose of Review

VO₂ max is a fundamental marker of cardiorespiratory fitness with substantial prognostic and diagnostic value within the field of cardiology. This review analyzes current and emerging evidence regarding its clinical uses, highlights key evidence gaps, and explores emerging developments poised to broaden its clinical application.

Recent Findings

Evidence supports VO2 max as a powerful independent predictor for heart failure, coronary artery disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and cardiac amyloidosis, supporting it use in identifying high-risk patients for advanced interventions. Recent developments including the integration of machine learning and wearable devices can facilitate accurate VO2 estimation in routine clinical practice without the necessity of specialized diagnostic tools.

Summary

Despite its robust diagnostic and prognostic value, VO₂ max assessment remains underutilized in routine cardiovascular care, primarily due to the need for specialized equipment and personnel. Future research should explore emerging technological innovations for VO2 max estimation and the development of evidence-based protocols to support its broader clinical implementation for improved cardiovascular outcomes.

Graphical Abstract

Title
VO2 Max in Clinical Cardiology: Clinical Applications, Evidence Gaps, and Future Directions
Authors
Hesham M. Abdalla
Luke Dreher
Hunter VanDolah
Adam Bacon
Mohammed El-Nayir
Mahmoud Abdelnabi
Ramzi Ibrahim
Hoang Nhat Pham
George Bcharah
Girish Pathangey
Courtney Wheatley-Guy
Satyajit Reddy
Juan Farina
Chadi Ayoub
Reza Arsanjani
Publication date
01-12-2025
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current Cardiology Reports / Issue 1/2025
Print ISSN: 1523-3782
Electronic ISSN: 1534-3170
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-025-02289-6
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Independent Medical Education Grant:
  • Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Learn more Link opens in a new window
Image Credits
Abstract graphic of layered, concentric circular shapes in bright green, pink, blue, and purple on a dark blue background. The rings and segments form a complex radial pattern without text/© Springer Health+ IME