Minimally Invasive Therapies for Benign Prostatic Obstruction: A Review of Currently Available Techniques Including Prostatic Artery Embolization, Water Vapor Thermal Therapy, Prostatic Urethral Lift, Temporary Implantable Nitinol Device and Aquablation

A 66-years old male patient presents with lower urinary tract symptoms, mostly due to obstructive symptoms, and an enlarged prostate with 80 cm³, with a broad-based median lobe, suggestive of benign prostatic obstruction (BPO). Trans-urethral resection of the prostate (TURP) was proposed. However, the patient desired to preserve ejaculatory function and was afraid of a potential negative impact on erectile function. Thus, the patient inquired about minimally invasive therapies (MITs) as alternatives to TURP. In this review, currently available MITs for BPO are described including prostatic artery embolization, water vapor thermal therapy (Rezum®), prostatic urethral lift, iTIND® (temporary implantable device) and aquablation (Aquabeam®). Focus is given on the description of the technique, level of evidence and advantages over conventional surgical options.