Research progress of tDCS in the treatment of ADHD

Abdelnour E, Jansen MO, Gold JA (2022) ADHD diagnostic trends: increased recognition or overdiagnosis? Mo Med 119(5):467–473PubMedPubMedCentral

Adelhöfer N, Mückschel M, Teufert B, Ziemssen T, Beste C (2019) Anodal tDCS affects neuromodulatory effects of the norepinephrine system on superior frontal theta activity during response inhibition. Brain Struct Funct 224(3):1291–1300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-019-01839-3CrossRefPubMed

Agnew-Blais JC, Polanczyk GV, Danese A, Wertz J, Moffitt TE, Arseneault L (2018) Young adult mental health and functional outcomes among individuals with remitted, persistent and late-onset ADHD. Br J Psychiatry 213(3):526–534. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.97CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Albajara Sáenz A, Villemonteix T, Massat I (2019) Structural and functional neuroimaging in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Dev Med Child Neurol 61(4):399–405. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.14050CrossRefPubMed

Albaugh MD, Hudziak JJ, Ing A, Chaarani B, Barker E, Jia T, Lemaitre H, Watts R, Orr C, Spechler PA, Lepage C, Fonov V, Collins L, Rioux P, Evans AC, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Quinlan EB, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Paus T, Poustka L, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Garavan H, Potter A (2019) White matter microstructure is associated with hyperactive/inattentive symptomatology and polygenic risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a population-based sample of adolescents. Neuropsychopharmacology 44(9):1597–1603. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-019-0383-yCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Allenby C, Falcone M, Bernardo L, Wileyto EP, Rostain A, Ramsay JR, Lerman C, Loughead J (2018) Transcranial direct current brain stimulation decreases impulsivity in ADHD. Brain Stimul 11(5):974–981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2018.04.016CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Anas Sohail A, Ortiz F, Varghese T, Fabara SP, Batth AS, Sandesara DP, Sabir A, Khurana M, Datta S, Patel UK (2021) The cognitive-enhancing outcomes of caffeine and l-theanine: a systematic review. Cureus 13(12):e20828. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.20828CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Antal A, Alekseichuk I, Bikson M, Brockmöller J, Brunoni AR, Chen R, Cohen LG, Dowthwaite G, Ellrich J, Flöel A, Fregni F, George MS, Hamilton R, Haueisen J, Herrmann CS, Hummel FC, Lefaucheur JP, Liebetanz D, Loo CK, McCaig CD, Miniussi C, Miranda PC, Moliadze V, Nitsche MA, Nowak R, Padberg F, Pascual-Leone A, Poppendieck W, Priori A, Rossi S, Rossini PM, Rothwell J, Rueger MA, Ruffini G, Schellhorn K, Siebner HR, Ugawa Y, Wexler A, Ziemann U, Hallett M, Paulus W (2017) Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: Safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines. Clin Neurophysiol 128(9):1774–1809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017.06.001CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Antal A, Luber B, Brem AK, Bikson M, Brunoni AR, Cohen Kadosh R, Dubljević V, Fecteau S, Ferreri F, Flöel A, Hallett M, Hamilton RH, Herrmann CS, Lavidor M, Loo C, Lustenberger C, Machado S, Miniussi C, Moliadze V, Nitsche MA, Rossi S, Rossini PM, Santarnecchi E, Seeck M, Thut G, Turi Z, Ugawa Y, Venkatasubramanian G, Wenderoth N, Wexler A, Ziemann U, Paulus W (2022) Non-invasive brain stimulation and neuroenhancement. Clin Neurophysiol Pract 7:146–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnp.2022.05.002CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Aust S, Brakemeier EL, Spies J, Herrera-Melendez AL, Kaiser T, Fallgatter A, Plewnia C, Mayer SV, Dechantsreiter E, Burkhardt G, Strauß M, Mauche N, Normann C, Frase L, Deuschle M, Böhringer A, Padberg F, Bajbouj M (2022) Efficacy of augmentation of cognitive behavioral therapy with transcranial direct current stimulation for depression: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiat 79(6):528–537. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0696CrossRef

Austerman J (2015) ADHD and behavioral disorders: Assessment, management, and an update from DSM-5. Cleve Clin J Med 82(11 Suppl 1):S2-7. https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.82.s1.01CrossRefPubMed

Bandeira ID, Guimarães RS, Jagersbacher JG, Barretto TL, de Jesus-Silva JR, Santos SN, Argollo N, Lucena R (2016) Transcranial direct current stimulation in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A pilot study. J Child Neurol 31(7):918–924. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073816630083CrossRefPubMed

Bandeira ID, Lins-Silva DH, Barouh JL, Faria-Guimarães D, Dorea-Bandeira I, Souza LS, Alves GS, Brunoni AR, Nitsche M, Fregni F, Lucena R (2021) Neuroplasticity and non-invasive brain stimulation in the developing brain. Prog Brain Res 264:57–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.04.003CrossRefPubMed

Barham H, Büyükgök D, Aksu S, Soyata AZ, Bulut G, Eskicioğlu G, Baral Kulaksızoğlu I (2022) Evidence for modulation of planning and working memory capacities by transcranial direct current stimulation in a sample of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurosci Lett 790:136883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136883CrossRefPubMed

Bari A, Eagle DM, Mar AC, Robinson ES, Robbins TW (2009) Dissociable effects of noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin uptake blockade on stop task performance in rats. Psychopharmacology 205(2):273–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-009-1537-0CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Bejenaru AM, Malhi NK (2022) Use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in child psychiatry. Innov Clin Neurosci 19(4–6):11–22PubMedPubMedCentral

Berger I, Dakwar-Kawar O, Grossman ES, Nahum M, Cohen Kadosh R (2021) Scaffolding the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder brain using transcranial direct current and random noise stimulation: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Neurophysiol 132(3):699–707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2021.01.005CrossRefPubMed

Bikson M, Grossman P, Thomas C, Zannou AL, Jiang J, Adnan T, Mourdoukoutas AP, Kronberg G, Truong D, Boggio P, Brunoni AR, Charvet L, Fregni F, Fritsch B, Gillick B, Hamilton RH, Hampstead BM, Jankord R, Kirton A, Knotkova H, Liebetanz D, Liu A, Loo C, Nitsche MA, Reis J, Richardson JD, Rotenberg A, Turkeltaub PE, Woods AJ (2016) Safety of transcranial direct current stimulation: evidence based update 2016. Brain Stimul 9(5):641–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2016.06.004CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Bjerkeli PJ, Vicente RP, Mulinari S, Johnell K, Merlo J (2018) Overuse of methylphenidate: an analysis of Swedish pharmacy dispensing data. Clin Epidemiol 10:1657–1665. https://doi.org/10.2147/clep.S178638CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Boedhoe PSW, van Rooij D, Hoogman M, Twisk JWR, Schmaal L, Abe Y, Alonso P, Ameis SH, Anikin A, Anticevic A, Arango C, Arnold PD, Asherson P, Assogna F, Auzias G, Banaschewski T, Baranov A, Batistuzzo MC, Baumeister S, Baur-Streubel R, Behrmann M, Bellgrove MA, Benedetti F, Beucke JC, Biederman J, Bollettini I, Bose A, Bralten J, Bramati IE, Brandeis D, Brem S, Brennan BP, Busatto GF, Calderoni S, Calvo A, Calvo R, Castellanos FX, Cercignani M, Chaim-Avancini TM, Chantiluke KC, Cheng Y, Cho KIK, Christakou A, Coghill D, Conzelmann A, Cubillo AI, Dale AM, Dallaspezia S, Daly E, Denys D, Deruelle C, Di Martino A, Dinstein I, Doyle AE, Durston S, Earl EA, Ecker C, Ehrlich S, Ely BA, Epstein JN, Ethofer T, Fair DA, Fallgatter AJ, Faraone SV, Fedor J, Feng X, Feusner JD, Fitzgerald J, Fitzgerald KD, Fouche JP, Freitag CM, Fridgeirsson EA, Frodl T, Gabel MC, Gallagher L, Gogberashvili T, Gori I, Gruner P, Gürsel DA, Haar S, Haavik J, Hall GB, Harrison NA, Hartman CA, Heslenfeld DJ, Hirano Y, Hoekstra PJ, Hoexter MQ, Hohmann S, Høvik MF, Hu H, Huyser C, Jahanshad N, Jalbrzikowski M, James A, Janssen J, Jaspers-Fayer F, Jernigan TL, Kapilushniy D, Kardatzki B, Karkashadze G, Kathmann N, Kaufmann C, Kelly C, Khadka S, King JA, Koch K, Kohls G, Konrad K, Kuno M, Kuntsi J, Kvale G, Kwon JS, Lázaro L, Lera-Miguel S, Lesch KP, Hoekstra L, Liu Y, Lochner C, Louza MR, Luna B, Lundervold AJ, Malpas CB, Marques P, Marsh R, Martínez-Zalacaín I, Mataix-Cols D, Mattos P, McCarthy H, McGrath J, Mehta MA, Menchón JM, Mennes M, Martinho MM, Moreira PS, Morer A, Morgado P, Muratori F, Murphy CM, Murphy DGM, Nakagawa A, Nakamae T, Nakao T, Namazova-Baranova L, Narayanaswamy JC, Nicolau R, Nigg JT, Novotny SE, Nurmi EL, Weiss EO, O’Gorman Tuura RL, O’Hearn K, O’Neill J, Oosterlaan J, Oranje B, Paloyelis Y, Parellada M, Pauli P, Perriello C, Piacentini J, Piras F, Piras F, Plessen KJ, Puig O, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Reddy YCJ, Reif A, Reneman L, Retico A, Rosa PGP, Rubia K, Rus OG, Sakai Y, Schrantee A, Schwarz L, Schweren LJS, Seitz J, Shaw P, Shook D, Silk TJ, Simpson HB, Skokauskas N, Soliva Vila JC, Solovieva A, Soreni N, Soriano-Mas C, Spalletta G, Stern ER, Stevens MC, Stewart SE, Sudre G, Szeszko PR, Tamm L, Taylor MJ, Tolin DF, Tosetti M, Tovar-Moll F, Tsuchiyagaito A, van Erp TGM, van Wingen GA, Vance A, Venkatasubramanian G, Vilarroya O, Vives-Gilabert Y, von Polier GG, Walitza S, Wallace GL, Wang Z, Wolfers T, Yoncheva YN, Yun JY, Zanetti MV, Zhou F, Ziegler GC, Zierhut KC, Zwiers MP, Thompson PM, Stein DJ, Buitelaar J, Franke B, van den Heuvel OA (2020) Subcortical brain volume, regional cortical thickness, and cortical surface area across disorders: findings from the ENIGMA ADHD, ASD, and OCD working groups. Am J Psychiatr 177(9):834–843. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19030331CrossRefPubMed Boedhoe PSW, van Rooij D, Hoogman M, Twisk JWR, Schmaal L, Abe Y, Alonso P, Ameis SH, Anikin A, Anticevic A, Arango C, Arnold PD, Asherson P, Assogna F, Auzias G, Banaschewski T, Baranov A, Batistuzzo MC, Baumeister S, Baur-Streubel R, Behrmann M, Bellgrove MA, Benedetti F, Beucke JC, Biederman J, Bollettini I, Bose A, Bralten J, Bramati IE, Brandeis D, Brem S, Brennan BP, Busatto GF, Calderoni S, Calvo A, Calvo R, Castellanos FX, Cercignani M, Chaim-Avancini TM, Chantiluke KC, Cheng Y, Cho KIK, Christakou A, Coghill D, Conzelmann A, Cubillo AI, Dale AM, Dallaspezia S, Daly E, Denys D, Deruelle C, Di Martino A, Dinstein I, Doyle AE, Durston S, Earl EA, Ecker C, Ehrlich S, Ely BA, Epstein JN, Ethofer T, Fair DA, Fallgatter AJ, Faraone SV, Fedor J, Feng X, Feusner JD, Fitzgerald J, Fitzgerald KD, Fouche JP, Freitag CM, Fridgeirsson EA, Frodl T, Gabel MC, Gallagher L, Gogberashvili T, Gori I, Gruner P, Gürsel DA, Haar S, Haavik J, Hall GB, Harrison NA, Hartman CA, Heslenfeld DJ, Hirano Y, Hoekstra PJ, Hoexter MQ, Hohmann S, Høvik MF, Hu H, Huyser C, Jahanshad N, Jalbrzikowski M, James A, Janssen J, Jaspers-Fayer F, Jernigan TL, Kapilushniy D, Kardatzki B, Karkashadze G, Kathmann N, Kaufmann C, Kelly C, Khadka S, King JA, Koch K, Kohls G, Konrad K, Kuno M, Kuntsi J, Kvale G, Kwon JS, Lázaro L, Lera-Miguel S, Lesch KP, Hoekstra L, Liu Y, Lochner C, Louza MR, Luna B, Lundervold AJ, Malpas CB, Marques P, Marsh R, Martínez-Zalacaín I, Mataix-Cols D, Mattos P, McCarthy H, McGrath J, Mehta MA, Menchón JM, Mennes M, Martinho MM, Moreira PS, Morer A, Morgado P, Muratori F, Murphy CM, Murphy DGM, Nakagawa A, Nakamae T, Nakao T, Namazova-Baranova L, Narayanaswamy JC, Nicolau R, Nigg JT, Novotny SE, Nurmi EL, Weiss EO, O’Gorman Tuura RL, O’Hearn K, O’Neill J, Oosterlaan J, Oranje B, Paloyelis Y, Parellada M, Pauli P, Perriello C, Piacentini J, Piras F, Piras F, Plessen KJ, Puig O, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Reddy YCJ, Reif A, Reneman L, Retico A, Rosa PGP, Rubia K, Rus OG, Sakai Y, Schrantee A, Schwarz L, Schweren LJS, Seitz J, Shaw P, Shook D, Silk TJ, Simpson HB, Skokauskas N, Soliva Vila JC, Solovieva A, Soreni N, Soriano-Mas C, Spalletta G, Stern ER, Stevens MC, Stewart SE, Sudre G, Szeszko PR, Tamm L, Taylor MJ, Tolin DF, Tosetti M, Tovar-Moll F, Tsuchiyagaito A, van Erp TGM, van Wingen GA, Vance A, Venkatasubramanian G, Vilarroya O, Vives-Gilabert Y, von Polier GG, Walitza S, Wallace GL, Wang Z, Wolfers T, Yoncheva YN, Yun JY, Zanetti MV, Zhou F, Ziegler GC, Zierhut KC, Zwiers MP, Thompson PM, Stein DJ, Buitelaar J, Franke B, van den Heuvel OA (2020) Subcortical brain volume, regional cortical thickness, and cortical surface area across disorders: findings from the ENIGMA ADHD, ASD, and OCD working groups. Am J Psychiatr 177(9):834–843. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19030331CrossRefPubMed

Borwick C, Lal R, Lim LW, Stagg CJ, Aquili L (2020) Dopamine depletion effects on cognitive flexibility as modulated by tDCS of the dlPFC. Brain Stimul 13(1):105–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2019.08.016CrossRefPubMed

Breitling C, Zaehle T, Dannhauer M, Bonath B, Tegelbeckers J, Flechtner HH, Krauel K (2016) Improving interference control in ADHD patients with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Front Cell Neurosci 10:72. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2016.00072CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Buchanan DM, D’Angiulli A, Samson A, Maisonneuve AR, Robaey P (2022) Acceptability of transcranial direct current stimulation in children and adolescents with ADHD: the point of view of parents. J Health Psychol 27(1):36–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105320937059CrossRefPubMed

Buchanan DM, Amare S, Gaumond G, D’Angiulli A, Robaey P (2023) Safety and tolerability of tDCS across different ages, sexes, diagnoses, and amperages: a randomized double-blind controlled study. J Clin Med 12(13):4346. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12134346CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Burke MJ, Fried PJ, Pascual-Leone A (2019) Transcranial magnetic stimulation: Neurophysiological and clinical applications. Handb Clin Neurol 163:73–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-804281-6.00005-7CrossRefPubMed

Cabral MDI, Liu S, Soares N (2020) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, risk factors and evaluation in youth. Transl Pediatr 9(Suppl 1):S104-s113. https://doi.org/10.21037/tp.2019.09.08CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Cachoeira CT, Leffa DT, Mittelstadt SD, Mendes LST, Brunoni AR, Pinto JV, Blazius V, Machado V, Bau CHD, Rohde LA, Grevet EH, Schestatsky P (2017) Positive effects of transcranial direct current stimulation in adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - A pilot randomized controlled study. Psychiatry Res 247:28–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.11.009CrossRefPubMed

Castellanos FX, Proal E (2012) Large-scale brain systems in ADHD: beyond the prefrontal-striatal model. Trends Cogn Sci 16(1):17–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2011.11.007CrossRefPubMed

Caye A, Rocha TB, Anselmi L, Murray J, Menezes AM, Barros FC, Gonçalves H, Wehrmeister F, Jensen CM, Steinhausen HC, Swanson JM, Kieling C, Rohde LA (2016) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder trajectories from childhood to young adulthood: evidence from a birth cohort supporting a late-onset syndrome. JAMA Psychiat 73(7):705–712. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0383CrossRef

Cénat JM, Blais-Rochette C, Morse C, Vandette MP, Noorishad PG, Kogan C, Ndengeyingoma A, Labelle PR (2021) Prevalence and risk factors associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among US black individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiat 78(1):21–28. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.2788CrossRef

Chase HW, Boudewyn MA, Carter CS, Phillips ML (2020) Transcranial direct current stimulation: a roadmap for research, from mechanism of action to clinical implementation. Mol Psychiatry 25(2):397–407. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0499-9CrossRefPubMed

Chen L, Hu X, Ouyang L, He N, Liao Y, Liu Q, Zhou M, Wu M, Huang X, Gong Q (2016) A systematic review and meta-analysis of tract-based spatial statistics studies regarding attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 68:838–847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.022CrossRefPubMed

Cheng J, Li P, Tang Y, Zhang C, Lin L, Gao J, Wang Z (2022) Transcranial direct current stimulation improve symptoms and modulates cortical inhibition in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A TMS-EEG study. J Affect Disord 298(Pt A):558–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.11.043CrossRefPubMed

Colzato LS, Hommel B, Beste C (2021) The downsides of cognitive enhancement. Neuroscientist 27(4):322–330. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858420945971CrossRefPubMed

Cortese S, Tessari L (2017) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity: update 2016. Curr Psychiatry Rep 19(1):4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0754-1CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Cortese S, Ferrin M, Brandeis D, Holtmann M, Aggensteiner P, Daley D, Santosh P, Simonoff E, Stevenson J, Stringaris A, Sonuga-Barke EJ (2016) Neurofeedback for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis of clinical and neuropsychological outcomes from randomized controlled trials. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 55(6):444–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2016.03.007CrossRefPubMed

Cosmo C, Baptista AF, de Araújo AN, do Rosário RS, Miranda JG, Montoya P, de Sena EP (2015) A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial of transcranial direct current stimulation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. PLoS ONE 10(8):e0135371. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135371CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Cosmo C, DiBiasi M, Lima V, Grecco LC, Muszkat M, Philip NS, de Sena EP (2020) A systematic review of transcranial direct current stimulation effects in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Affect Disord 276:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.054CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Cubillo A, Halari R, Ecker C, Giampietro V, Taylor E, Rubia K (2010) Reduced activation and inter-regional functional connectivity of fronto-striatal networks in adults with childhood Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and persisting symptoms during tasks of motor inhibition and cognitive switching. J Psychiatr Res 44(10):629–639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.11.016CrossRefPubMed

Cubillo A, Halari R, Giampietro V, Taylor E, Rubia K (2011) Fronto-striatal underactivation during interference inhibition and attention allocation in grown up children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and persistent symptoms. Psychiatr Res 193(1):17–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.12.014CrossRef

Dadgar H, Majidi H, Aghaei S (2022) Biological and neurobiological mechanisms of transcranial direct current stimulation. Iran J Psychiatry 17(3):350–355. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v17i3.9735CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Dakwar-Kawar O, Berger I, Barzilay S, Grossman ES, Cohen Kadosh R, Nahum M (2022) Examining the effect of transcranial electrical stimulation and cognitive training on processing speed in pediatric attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a pilot study. Front Hum Neurosci 16:791478. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2022.791478CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Dakwar-Kawar O, Mairon N, Hochman S, Berger I, Cohen Kadosh R, Nahum M (2023) Transcranial random noise stimulation combined with cognitive training for treating ADHD: a randomized, sham-controlled clinical trial. Transl Psychiatry 13(1):271. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-023-02547-7CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Davies W (2014) Sex differences in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: candidate genetic and endocrine mechanisms. Front Neuroendocrinol 35(3):331–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.03.003CrossRefPubMed

de Aguiar V, Zhao Y, Faria A, Ficek B, Webster KT, Wendt H, Wang Z, Hillis AE, Onyike CU, Frangakis C, Caffo B, Tsapkini K (2020) Brain volumes as predictors of tDCS effects in primary progressive aphasia. Brain Lang 200:104707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2019.104707CrossRefPubMed

Demirtas-Tatlidede A, Vahabzadeh-Hagh AM, Pascual-Leone A (2013) Can noninvasive brain stimulation enhance cognition in neuropsychiatric disorders? Neuropharmacology 64:566–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.020CrossRefPubMed

Demontis D, Walters RK, Martin J, Mattheisen M, Als TD, Agerbo E, Baldursson G, Belliveau R, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Bækvad-Hansen M, Cerrato F, Chambert K, Churchhouse C, Dumont A, Eriksson N, Gandal M, Goldstein JI, Grasby KL, Grove J, Gudmundsson OO, Hansen CS, Hauberg ME, Hollegaard MV, Howrigan DP, Huang H, Maller JB, Martin AR, Martin NG, Moran J, Pallesen J, Palmer DS, Pedersen CB, Pedersen MG, Poterba T, Poulsen JB, Ripke S, Robinson EB, Satterstrom FK, Stefansson H, Stevens C, Turley P, Walters GB, Won H, Wright MJ, Andreassen OA, Asherson P, Burton CL, Boomsma DI, Cormand B, Dalsgaard S, Franke B, Gelernter J, Geschwind D, Hakonarson H, Haavik J, Kranzler HR, Kuntsi J, Langley K, Lesch KP, Middeldorp C, Reif A, Rohde LA, Roussos P, Schachar R, Sklar P, Sonuga-Barke EJS, Sullivan PF, Thapar A, Tung JY, Waldman ID, Medland SE, Stefansson K, Nordentoft M, Hougaard DM, Werge T, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Daly MJ, Faraone SV, Børglum AD, Neale BM (2019) Discovery of the first genome-wide significant risk loci for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Nat Genet 51(1):63–75. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-018-0269-7CrossRefPubMed

Dippel G, Mückschel M, Ziemssen T, Beste C (2017) Demands on response inhibition processes determine modulations of theta band activity in superior frontal areas and correlations with pupillometry - Implications for the norepinephrine system during inhibitory control. Neuroimage 157:575–585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.06.037CrossRefPubMed

Ditye T, Jacobson L, Walsh V, Lavidor M (2012) Modulating behavioral inhibition by tDCS combined with cognitive training. Exp Brain Res 219(3):363–368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-012-3098-4CrossRefPubMed

Doruk Camsari D, Kirkovski M, Croarkin PE (2018) Therapeutic applications of noninvasive neuromodulation in children and adolescents. Psychiatr Clin North Am 41(3):465–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2018.05.003CrossRefPubMed

Drechsler R, Brem S, Brandeis D, Grünblatt E, Berger G, Walitza S (2020) ADHD: current concepts and treatments in children and adolescents. Neuropediatrics 51(5):315–335. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1701658CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Dubreuil-Vall L, Gomez-Bernal F, Villegas AC, Cirillo P, Surman C, Ruffini G, Widge AS, Camprodon JA (2021) Transcranial direct current stimulation to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex improves cognitive control in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized behavioral and neurophysiological study. Biol Psychiatr Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 6(4):439–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.11.006CrossRef

Ekici B (2015) Transcranial direct current stimulation-induced seizure: analysis of a case. Clin EEG Neurosci 46(2):169. https://doi.org/10.1177/1550059414540647CrossRefPubMed

Faraone SV, Biederman J, Mick E (2006) The age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of follow-up studies. Psychol Med 36(2):159–165. https://doi.org/10.1017/s003329170500471xCrossRefPubMed

Finisguerra A, Borgatti R, Urgesi C (2019) Non-invasive brain stimulation for the rehabilitation of children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders: a systematic review. Front Psychol 10:135. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00135CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Fonteneau C, Redoute J, Haesebaert F, Le Bars D, Costes N, Suaud-Chagny MF, Brunelin J (2018) Frontal transcranial direct current stimulation induces dopamine release in the ventral striatum in human. Cereb Cortex 28(7):2636–2646. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhy093CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Fregni F, El-Hagrassy MM, Pacheco-Barrios K, Carvalho S, Leite J, Simis M, Brunelin J, Nakamura-Palacios EM, Marangolo P, Venkatasubramanian G, San-Juan D, Caumo W, Bikson M, Brunoni AR (2021) Evidence-based guidelines and secondary meta-analysis for the use of transcranial direct current stimulation in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 24(4):256–313. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyaa051CrossRefPubMed

Friehs MA, Frings C (2019) Cathodal tDCS increases stop-signal reaction time. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 19(5):1129–1142. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-019-00740-0CrossRefPubMed

Friehs MA, Stegemann MJ, Merz S, Geißler C, Meyerhoff HS, Frings C (2023) The influence of tDCS on perceived bouncing/streaming. Exp Brain Res 241(1):59–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-022-06505-5CrossRefPubMed

Frodl T, Skokauskas N (2012) Meta-analysis of structural MRI studies in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder indicates treatment effects. Acta Psychiatr Scand 125(2):114–126. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01786.xCrossRefPubMed

Guimarães RSQ, Bandeira ID, Barretto BL, Barretto TL, Wanke T, Alves COC, de Carvalho CF, Lucena PH, Rodrigues-Silva L, Lucena R (2021) The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on attention and inhibitory control of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Study protocol for a randomized, sham-controlled, triple-blind, cross-over trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 100(8):e24283. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000024283CrossRefPubMed

Hallett M (2007) Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a primer. Neuron 55(2):187–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.06.026CrossRefPubMed

Hameed MQ, Dhamne SC, Gersner R, Kaye HL, Oberman LM, Pascual-Leone A, Rotenberg A (2017) Transcranial magnetic and direct current stimulation in children. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 17(2):11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-017-0719-0CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Harty S, Cohen Kadosh R (2019) Suboptimal engagement of high-level cortical regions predicts random-noise-related gains in sustained attention. Psychol Sci 30(9):1318–1332. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797619856658CrossRefPubMed

Hauser TU, Iannaccone R, Ball J, Mathys C, Brandeis D, Walitza S, Brem S (2014) Role of the medial prefrontal cortex in impaired decision making in juvenile attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. JAMA Psychiat 71(10):1165–1173. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1093CrossRef

Henri-Bhargava A, Stuss DT, Freedman M (2018) Clinical assessment of prefrontal lobe functions. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 24(3):704–726. https://doi.org/10.1212/con.0000000000000609CrossRefPubMed

Hettwer MD, Larivière S, Park BY, van den Heuvel OA, Schmaal L, Andreassen OA, Ching CRK, Hoogman M, Buitelaar J, van Rooij D, Veltman DJ, Stein DJ, Franke B, van Erp TGM, Jahanshad N, Thompson PM, Thomopoulos SI, Bethlehem RAI, Bernhardt BC, Eickhoff SB, Valk SL (2022) Coordinated cortical thickness alterations across six neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Nat Commun 13(1):6851. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34367-6CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hoogman M, Bralten J, Hibar DP, Mennes M, Zwiers MP, Schweren LSJ, van Hulzen KJE, Medland SE, Shumskaya E, Jahanshad N, Zeeuw P, Szekely E, Sudre G, Wolfers T, Onnink AMH, Dammers JT, Mostert JC, Vives-Gilabert Y, Kohls G, Oberwelland E, Seitz J, Schulte-Rüther M, Ambrosino S, Doyle AE, Høvik MF, Dramsdahl M, Tamm L, van Erp TGM, Dale A, Schork A, Conzelmann A, Zierhut K, Baur R, McCarthy H, Yoncheva YN, Cubillo A, Chantiluke K, Mehta MA, Paloyelis Y, Hohmann S, Baumeister S, Bramati I, Mattos P, Tovar-Moll F, Douglas P, Banaschewski T, Brandeis D, Kuntsi J, Asherson P, Rubia K, Kelly C, Martino AD, Milham MP, Castellanos FX, Frodl T, Zentis M, Lesch KP, Reif A, Pauli P, Jernigan TL, Haavik J, Plessen KJ, Lundervold AJ, Hugdahl K, Seidman LJ, Biederman J, Rommelse N, Heslenfeld DJ, Hartman CA, Hoekstra PJ, Oosterlaan J, Polier GV, Konrad K, Vilarroya O, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Soliva JC, Durston S, Buitelaar JK, Faraone SV, Shaw P, Thompson PM, Franke B (2017) Subcortical brain volume differences in participants with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: a cross-sectional mega-analysis. Lancet Psychiatr 4(4):310–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(17)30049-4CrossRef

Hoogman M, Muetzel R, Guimaraes JP, Shumskaya E, Mennes M, Zwiers MP, Jahanshad N, Sudre G, Wolfers T, Earl EA, Soliva Vila JC, Vives-Gilabert Y, Khadka S, Novotny SE, Hartman CA, Heslenfeld DJ, Schweren LJS, Ambrosino S, Oranje B, de Zeeuw P, Chaim-Avancini TM, Rosa PGP, Zanetti MV, Malpas CB, Kohls G, von Polier GG, Seitz J, Biederman J, Doyle AE, Dale AM, van Erp TGM, Epstein JN, Jernigan TL, Baur-Streubel R, Ziegler GC, Zierhut KC, Schrantee A, Høvik MF, Lundervold AJ, Kelly C, McCarthy H, Skokauskas N, O’Gorman Tuura RL, Calvo A, Lera-Miguel S, Nicolau R, Chantiluke KC, Christakou A, Vance A, Cercignani M, Gabel MC, Asherson P, Baumeister S, Brandeis D, Hohmann S, Bramati IE, Tovar-Moll F, Fallgatter AJ, Kardatzki B, Schwarz L, Anikin A, Baranov A, Gogberashvili T, Kapilushniy D, Solovieva A, El Marroun H, White T, Karkashadze G, Namazova-Baranova L, Ethofer T, Mattos P, Banaschewski T, Coghill D, Plessen KJ, Kuntsi J, Mehta MA, Paloyelis Y, Harrison NA, Bellgrove MA, Silk TJ, Cubillo AI, Rubia K, Lazaro L, Brem S, Walitza S, Frodl T, Zentis M, Castellanos FX, Yoncheva YN, Haavik J, Reneman L, Conzelmann A, Lesch KP, Pauli P, Reif A, Tamm L, Konrad K, Oberwelland Weiss E, Busatto GF, Louza MR, Durston S, Hoekstra PJ, Oosterlaan J, Stevens MC, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Vilarroya O, Fair DA, Nigg JT, Thompson PM, Buitelaar JK, Faraone SV, Shaw P, Tiemeier H, Bralten J, Franke B (2019) Brain imaging of the cortex in ADHD: a coordinated analysis of large-scale clinical and population-based samples. Am J Psychiatry 176(7):531–542. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18091033CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Ismail FY, Fatemi A, Johnston MV (2017) Cerebral plasticity: Windows of opportunity in the developing brain. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 21(1):23–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2016.07.007CrossRefPubMed

Jannati A, Oberman LM, Rotenberg A, Pascual-Leone A (2023) Assessing the mechanisms of brain plasticity by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuropsychopharmacology 48(1):191–208. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-022-01453-8CrossRefPubMed

Jones DT, Graff-Radford J (2021) Executive dysfunction and the prefrontal cortex. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 27(6):1586–1601. https://doi.org/10.1212/con.0000000000001009CrossRefPubMed

Kian N, Samieefar N, Rezaei N (2022) Prenatal risk factors and genetic causes of ADHD in children. World J Pediatr 18(5):308–319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-022-00524-6CrossRefPubMed

Kuo HI, Paulus W, Batsikadze G, Jamil A, Kuo MF, Nitsche MA (2016) Chronic enhancement of serotonin facilitates excitatory transcranial direct current stimulation-induced neuroplasticity. Neuropsychopharmacology 41(5):1223–1230. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.270CrossRefPubMed

Lapenta OM, Marques LM, Rego GG, Comfort WE, Boggio PS (2018) tDCS in addiction and impulse control disorders. J Ect 34(3):182–192. https://doi.org/10.1097/yct.0000000000000541CrossRefPubMed

Lavezzi GD, Sanz Galan S, Andersen H, Tomer D, Cacciamani L (2022) The effects of tDCS on object perception: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Behav Brain Res 430:113927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113927CrossRefPubMed

Lefaucheur JP, Antal A, Ayache SS, Benninger DH, Brunelin J, Cogiamanian F, Cotelli M, De Ridder D, Ferrucci R, Langguth B, Marangolo P, Mylius V, Nitsche MA, Padberg F, Palm U, Poulet E, Priori A, Rossi S, Schecklmann M, Vanneste S, Ziemann U, Garcia-Larrea L, Paulus W (2017) Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Clin Neurophysiol 128(1):56–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016.10.087CrossRefPubMed

Lefaucheur JP, Aleman A, Baeken C, Benninger DH, Brunelin J, Di Lazzaro V, Filipović SR, Grefkes C, Hasan A, Hummel FC, Jääskeläinen SK, Langguth B, Leocani L, Londero A, Nardone R, Nguyen JP, Nyffeler T, Oliveira-Maia AJ, Oliviero A, Padberg F, Palm U, Paulus W, Poulet E, Quartarone A, Rachid F, Rektorová I, Rossi S, Sahlsten H, Schecklmann M, Szekely D, Ziemann U (2020) Corrigendum to “Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): an update (2014–2018)” [Clin. Neurophysiol. 131,474–528]. Clin Neurophysiol 131(5):1168–1169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2020.02.003CrossRefPubMed

Leffa DT, Grevet EH, Bau CHD, Schneider M, Ferrazza CP, da Silva RF, Miranda MS, Picon F, Teche SP, Sanches P, Pereira D, Rubia K, Brunoni AR, Camprodon JA, Caumo W, Rohde LA (2022) Transcranial direct current stimulation vs sham for the treatment of inattention in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the TUNED randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiat 79(9):847–856. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2055CrossRef

Li T, van Rooij D, Roth Mota N, Buitelaar JK, Hoogman M, Arias Vasquez A, Franke B (2021) Characterizing neuroanatomic heterogeneity in people with and without ADHD based on subcortical brain volumes. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 62(9):1140–1149. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13384CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Liebetanz D, Nitsche MA, Tergau F, Paulus W (2002) Pharmacological approach to the mechanisms of transcranial DC-stimulation-induced after-effects of human motor cortex excitability. Brain 125(Pt 10):2238–2247. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awf238CrossRefPubMed

Loo CK, Sachdev P, Martin D, Pigot M, Alonzo A, Malhi GS, Lagopoulos J, Mitchell P (2010) A double-blind, sham-controlled trial of transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 13(1):61–69. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1461145709990411CrossRefPubMed

Loo SK, Salgari GC, Ellis A, Cowen J, Dillon A, McGough JJ (2021) Trigeminal nerve stimulation for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: cognitive and electroencephalographic predictors of treatment response. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr 60(7):856-864.e851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2020.09.021CrossRef

Lukito S, Norman L, Carlisi C, Radua J, Hart H, Simonoff E, Rubia K (2020) Comparative meta-analyses of brain structural and functional abnormalities during cognitive control in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder. Psychol Med 50(6):894–919. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291720000574CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Magnin E, Maurs C (2017) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder during adulthood. Rev Neurol (Paris) 173(7–8):506–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurol.2017.07.008CrossRefPubMed

Manganotti P, Ajčević M, Buoite Stella A (2022) EEG as a marker of brain plasticity in clinical applications. Handb Clin Neurol 184:91–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819410-2.00029-1CrossRefPubMed

Matsumoto H, Ugawa Y (2017) Adverse events of tDCS and tACS: a review. Clin Neurophysiol Pract 2:19–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnp.2016.12.003CrossRefPubMed

McGough JJ, Loo SK, Sturm A, Cowen J, Leuchter AF, Cook IA (2015) An eight-week, open-trial, pilot feasibility study of trigeminal nerve stimulation in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Brain Stimul 8(2):299–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2014.11.013CrossRefPubMed

McGough JJ, Sturm A, Cowen J, Tung K, Salgari GC, Leuchter AF, Cook IA, Sugar CA, Loo SK (2019) Double-blind, sham-controlled, pilot study of trigeminal nerve stimulation for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr 58(4):403-411.e403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2018.11.013CrossRef

Mechler K, Banaschewski T, Hohmann S, Häge A (2022) Evidence-based pharmacological treatment options for ADHD in children and adolescents. Pharmacol Ther 230:107940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107940CrossRefPubMed

Melo L, Mosayebi-Samani M, Ghanavati E, Nitsche MA, Kuo MF (2021) Dosage-dependent impact of acute serotonin enhancement on transcranial direct current stimulation effects. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 24(10):787–797. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyab035CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Mercante B, Enrico P, Deriu F (2023) Cognitive functions following trigeminal neuromodulation. Biomedicines 11(9):2392. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11092392CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Meyer B, Mann C, Götz M, Gerlicher A, Saase V, Yuen KSL, Aedo-Jury F, Gonzalez-Escamilla G, Stroh A, Kalisch R (2019) Increased neural activity in mesostriatal regions after prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation and l-DOPA administration. J Neurosci 39(27):5326–5335. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.3128-18.2019CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Mishima T, Nagai T, Yahagi K, Akther S, Oe Y, Monai H, Kohsaka S, Hirase H (2019) Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) induces adrenergic receptor-dependent microglial morphological changes in mice. eNeuro. https://doi.org/10.1523/eneuro.0204-19.2019CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Moffa AH, Brunoni AR, Nikolin S, Loo CK (2018) Transcranial direct current stimulation in psychiatric disorders: a comprehensive review. Psychiatr Clin North Am 41(3):447–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2018.05.002CrossRefPubMed

Mosayebi Samani M, Agboada D, Jamil A, Kuo MF, Nitsche MA (2019) Titrating the neuroplastic effects of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the primary motor cortex. Cortex 119:350–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2019.04.016CrossRefPubMed

Müller VI, Cieslik EC, Laird AR, Fox PT, Radua J, Mataix-Cols D, Tench CR, Yarkoni T, Nichols TE, Turkeltaub PE, Wager TD, Eickhoff SB (2018) Ten simple rules for neuroimaging meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 84:151–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.11.012CrossRefPubMed

Nitsche MA, Paulus W (2011) Transcranial direct current stimulation–update 2011. Restor Neurol Neurosci 29(6):463–492. https://doi.org/10.3233/rnn-2011-0618CrossRefPubMed

Nitsche MA, Kuo MF, Karrasch R, Wächter B, Liebetanz D, Paulus W (2009) Serotonin affects transcranial direct current-induced neuroplasticity in humans. Biol Psychiatry 66(5):503–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.03.022CrossRefPubMed

Ogundele MO, Ayyash HF (2023) ADHD in children and adolescents: Review of current practice of non-pharmacological and behavioural management. AIMS Public Health 10(1):35–51. https://doi.org/10.3934/publichealth.2023004CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Palm U, Brunelin J, Wulf L, Mondino M, Brunoni AR, Padberg F (2020) Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A new treatment option? Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 88(7):451–458. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0653-7349CrossRefPubMed

Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL, Biederman J, Rohde LA (2007) The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am J Psychiatr 164(6):942–948. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.942CrossRefPubMed

Polanczyk GV, Willcutt EG, Salum GA, Kieling C, Rohde LA (2014) ADHD prevalence estimates across three decades: an updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Int J Epidemiol 43(2):434–442. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyt261CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Postema MC, Hoogman M, Ambrosino S, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, Bandeira CE, Baranov A, Bau CHD, Baumeister S, Baur-Streubel R, Bellgrove MA, Biederman J, Bralten J, Brandeis D, Brem S, Buitelaar JK, Busatto GF, Castellanos FX, Cercignani M, Chaim-Avancini TM, Chantiluke KC, Christakou A, Coghill D, Conzelmann A, Cubillo AI, Cupertino RB, de Zeeuw P, Doyle AE, Durston S, Earl EA, Epstein JN, Ethofer T, Fair DA, Fallgatter AJ, Faraone SV, Frodl T, Gabel MC, Gogberashvili T, Grevet EH, Haavik J, Harrison NA, Hartman CA, Heslenfeld DJ, Hoekstra PJ, Hohmann S, Høvik MF, Jernigan TL, Kardatzki B, Karkashadze G, Kelly C, Kohls G, Konrad K, Kuntsi J, Lazaro L, Lera-Miguel S, Lesch KP, Louza MR, Lundervold AJ, Malpas CB, Mattos P, McCarthy H, Namazova-Baranova L, Nicolau R, Nigg JT, Novotny SE, Oberwelland Weiss E, O’Gorman Tuura RL, Oosterlaan J, Oranje B, Paloyelis Y, Pauli P, Picon FA, Plessen KJ, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Reif A, Reneman L, Rosa PGP, Rubia K, Schrantee A, Schweren LJS, Seitz J, Shaw P, Silk TJ, Skokauskas N, Soliva Vila JC, Stevens MC, Sudre G, Tamm L, Tovar-Moll F, van Erp TGM, Vance A, Vilarroya O, Vives-Gilabert Y, von Polier GG, Walitza S, Yoncheva YN, Zanetti MV, Ziegler GC, Glahn DC, Jahanshad N, Medland SE, Thompson PM, Fisher SE, Franke B, Francks C (2021) Analysis of structural brain asymmetries in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in 39 datasets. J Child Psychol Psychiatr 62(10):1202–1219. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13396CrossRef

Qian X, Castellanos FX, Uddin LQ, Loo BRY, Liu S, Koh HL, Poh XWW, Fung D, Guan C, Lee TS, Lim CG, Zhou J (2019) Large-scale brain functional network topology disruptions underlie symptom heterogeneity in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuroimage Clin 21:101600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2018.11.010CrossRefPubMed

Rapinesi C, Kotzalidis GD, Ferracuti S, Sani G, Girardi P, Del Casale A (2019) Brain stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): a systematic review. Curr Neuropharmacol 17(8):787–807. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159x17666190409142555CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Rosch KS, Mostofsky SH, Nebel MB (2018) ADHD-related sex differences in fronto-subcortical intrinsic functional connectivity and associations with delay discounting. J Neurodev Disord 10(1):34. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11689-018-9254-9CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Rubia K (2018) Cognitive neuroscience of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and its clinical translation. Front Hum Neurosci 12:100. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00100CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Rubia K (2021) Editorial: precision medicine in neurotherapeutics for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr 60(7):813–815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2020.11.013CrossRef

Rubia K (2022) Neurotherapeutics for ADHD: Do they work? Psych J 11(3):419–427. https://doi.org/10.1002/pchj.544CrossRefPubMed

Rubia K, Westwood S, Aggensteiner PM, Brandeis D (2021) Neurotherapeutics for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a review. Cells 10(8):2156. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10082156CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Rucklidge JJ (2010) Gender differences in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 33(2):357–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2010.01.006CrossRefPubMed

Salehinejad MA, Ghayerin E, Nejati V, Yavari F, Nitsche MA (2020a) Domain-specific involvement of the right posterior parietal cortex in attention network and attentional control of ADHD: a randomized, cross-over, sham-controlled tDCS study. Neuroscience 444:149–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.07.037CrossRefPubMed

Salehinejad MA, Nejati V, Mosayebi-Samani M, Mohammadi A, Wischnewski M, Kuo MF, Avenanti A, Vicario CM, Nitsche MA (2020b) Transcranial direct current stimulation in ADHD: a systematic review of efficacy, safety, and protocol-induced electrical field modeling results. Neurosci Bull 36(10):1191–1212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12264-020-00501-xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Salehinejad MA, Nejati V, Nitsche MA (2020c) Neurocognitive correlates of self-esteem: From self-related attentional bias to involvement of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Neurosci Res 161:33–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2019.12.008CrossRefPubMed

Salvi V, Ribuoli E, Servasi M, Orsolini L, Volpe U (2021) ADHD and bipolar disorder in adulthood: clinical and treatment implications. Medicina (Kaunas) 57(5):466. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57050466CrossRefPubMed

Samea F, Soluki S, Nejati V, Zarei M, Cortese S, Eickhoff SB, Tahmasian M, Eickhoff CR (2019) Brain alterations in children/adolescents with ADHD revisited: a neuroimaging meta-analysis of 96 structural and functional studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 100:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.02.011CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Samuel N, Zeng K, Harmsen IE, Ding MYR, Darmani G, Sarica C, Santyr B, Vetkas A, Pancholi A, Fomenko A, Milano V, Yamamoto K, Saha U, Wennberg R, Rowland NC, Chen R, Lozano AM (2022) Multi-modal investigation of transcranial ultrasound-induced neuroplasticity of the human motor cortex. Brain Stimul 15(6):1337–1347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2022.10.001CrossRefPubMed

Sanches C, Stengel C, Godard J, Mertz J, Teichmann M, Migliaccio R, Valero-Cabré A (2020) Past, present, and future of non-invasive brain stimulation approaches to treat cognitive impairment in neurodegenerative diseases: time for a comprehensive critical review. Front Aging Neurosci 12:578339. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2020.578339CrossRefPubMed

Santos Ferreira I, Teixeira Costa B, Lima Ramos C, Lucena P, Thibaut A, Fregni F (2019) Searching for the optimal tDCS target for motor rehabilitation. J Neuroeng Rehabil 16(1):90. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-019-0561-5CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Sarica C, Nankoo JF, Fomenko A, Grippe TC, Yamamoto K, Samuel N, Milano V, Vetkas A, Darmani G, Cizmeci MN, Lozano AM, Chen R (2022) Human Studies of Transcranial Ultrasound neuromodulation: a systematic review of effectiveness and safety. Brain Stimul 15(3):737–746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2022.05.002CrossRefPubMed

Sauvaget A, Trojak B, Bulteau S, Jiménez-Murcia S, Fernández-Aranda F, Wolz I, Menchón JM, Achab S, Vanelle JM, Grall-Bronnec M (2015) Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in behavioral and food addiction: a systematic review of efficacy, technical, and methodological issues. Front Neurosci 9:349. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2015.00349CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Schertz M, Karni-Visel Y, Genizi J, Manishevitch H, Lam M, Akawi A, Dudai M, Fenton AA, Bikson M (2022) Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in children with ADHD: a randomized, sham-controlled pilot study. J Psychiatr Res 155:302–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.08.022CrossRefPubMed

Soff C, Sotnikova A, Christiansen H, Becker K, Siniatchkin M (2017) Transcranial direct current stimulation improves clinical symptoms in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 124(1):133–144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-016-1646-yCrossRefPubMed

Solmi M, Radua J, Olivola M, Croce E, Soardo L, Salazar de Pablo G, Il Shin J, Kirkbride JB, Jones P, Kim JH, Kim JY, Carvalho AF, Seeman MV, Correll CU, Fusar-Poli P (2022) Age at onset of mental disorders worldwide: large-scale meta-analysis of 192 epidemiological studies. Mol Psychiatry 27(1):281–295. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01161-7CrossRefPubMed

Soltaninejad Z, Nejati V, Ekhtiari H (2019) Effect of anodal and cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation on DLPFC on modulation of inhibitory control in ADHD. J Atten Disord 23(4):325–332. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054715618792CrossRefPubMed

Sonuga-Barke EJ, Fairchild G (2012) Neuroeconomics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: differential influences of medial, dorsal, and ventral prefrontal brain networks on suboptimal decision making? Biol Psychiatry 72(2):126–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.04.004CrossRefPubMed

Sotnikova A, Soff C, Tagliazucchi E, Becker K, Siniatchkin M (2017) Transcranial direct current stimulation modulates neuronal networks in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Brain Topogr 30(5):656–672. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10548-017-0552-4CrossRefPubMed

Sripada C, Kessler D, Fang Y, Welsh RC, Prem Kumar K, Angstadt M (2014) Disrupted network architecture of the resting brain in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 35(9):4693–4705. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22504CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Thapar A, Cooper M (2016) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet 387(10024):1240–1250. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00238-xCrossRefPubMed

Torres-Acosta N, O’Keefe JH, O’Keefe CL, Lavie CJ (2020) Cardiovascular effects of ADHD Therapies: JACC review topic of the week. J Am Coll Cardiol 76(7):858–866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.05.081CrossRefPubMed

Tripp G, Wickens JR (2009) Neurobiology of ADHD. Neuropharmacology 57(7–8):579–589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.07.026CrossRefPubMed

van Rooij D, Zhang-James Y, Buitelaar J, Faraone SV, Reif A, Grimm O (2022) Structural brain morphometry as classifier and predictor of ADHD and reward-related comorbidities. Front Psychiatry 13:869627. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.869627CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Wang M, Wang T, Ji H, Yan J, Wang X, Zhang X, Li X, Yuan Y (2023) Modulation effect of non-invasive transcranial ultrasound stimulation in an ADHD rat model. J Neural Eng 20(1):016003CrossRef

Wankerl B, Hauser J, Makulska-Gertruda E, Reißmann A, Sontag TA, Tucha O, Lange KW (2014) Neurobiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 82(1):9–29. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1355710CrossRefPubMed

Weaver L, Rostain AL, Mace W, Akhtar U, Moss E, O’Reardon JP (2012) Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adolescents and young adults: a pilot study. J Ect 28(2):98–103. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCT.0b013e31824532c8CrossRefPubMed

Westwood SJ, Radua J, Rubia K (2021) Noninvasive brain stimulation in children and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatry Neurosci 46(1):E14-e33. https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.190179CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Westwood SJ, Criaud M, Lam SL, Lukito S, Wallace-Hanlon S, Kowalczyk OS, Kostara A, Mathew J, Agbedjro D, Wexler BE, Cohen Kadosh R, Asherson P, Rubia K (2023) Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with cognitive training in adolescent boys with ADHD: a double-blind, randomised, sham-controlled trial. Psychol Med 53(2):497–512. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291721001859CrossRefPubMed

Woodham R, Rimmer RM, Mutz J, Fu CHY (2021) Is tDCS a potential first line treatment for major depression? Int Rev Psychiatry 33(3):250–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2021.1879030CrossRefPubMed

Woods AJ, Antal A, Bikson M, Boggio PS, Brunoni AR, Celnik P, Cohen LG, Fregni F, Herrmann CS, Kappenman ES, Knotkova H, Liebetanz D, Miniussi C, Miranda PC, Paulus W, Priori A, Reato D, Stagg C, Wenderoth N, Nitsche MA (2016) A technical guide to tDCS, and related non-invasive brain stimulation tools. Clin Neurophysiol 127(2):1031–1048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2015.11.012CrossRefPubMed

Yamada Y, Sumiyoshi T (2021) Neurobiological mechanisms of transcranial direct current stimulation for psychiatric disorders; neurophysiological, chemical, and anatomical considerations. Front Hum Neurosci 15:631838. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2021.631838CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zhang H, Zhao Y, Cao W, Cui D, Jiao Q, Lu W, Li H, Qiu J (2020) Aberrant functional connectivity in resting state networks of ADHD patients revealed by independent component analysis. BMC Neurosci 21(1):39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-020-00589-xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zhou Q, Yu C, Yu H, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Hu Z, Yuan TF, Zhou D (2020) The effects of repeated transcranial direct current stimulation on sleep quality and depression symptoms in patients with major depression and insomnia. Sleep Med 70:17–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2020.02.003CrossRefPubMed

张婕, 安英萍, 杨毅, 张艳楠, 田琳 (2023) 从全生命周期视角识别和治疗注意缺陷多动障碍女童和女性的专家共识(2020年版)解读. 中国儿童保健杂志 31 (05):570–575

成梅, 杨燕, 尹华站 (2018) 经颅直流电刺激在注意缺陷多动障碍治疗中的应用. 心理科学进展 26 (04):657–666

Keynote series | Spotlight on menopause

Springer Medicine

Research progress of tDCS in the treatment of ADHD

Abstract

Keynote series | Spotlight on menopause

Advances in Alzheimer's

Keynote series | Spotlight on menopause

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Keynote series | Spotlight on menopause

Advances in Alzheimer's