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Imaging the eye as a window to brain health: frontier approaches and future directions

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Journal of Neuroinflammation

Published in:

Open Access 01-12-2024 | Alzheimer's Disease | Review

Imaging the eye as a window to brain health: frontier approaches and future directions

Authors: Hasan U. Banna, Mary Slayo, James A. Armitage, Blanca del Rosal, Loretta Vocale, Sarah J. Spencer

Published in: Journal of Neuroinflammation | Issue 1/2024

Abstract

Recent years have seen significant advances in diagnostic testing of central nervous system (CNS) function and disease. However, there remain challenges in developing a comprehensive suite of non- or minimally invasive assays of neural health and disease progression. Due to the direct connection with the CNS, structural changes in the neural retina, retinal vasculature and morphological changes in retinal immune cells can occur in parallel with disease conditions in the brain. The retina can also, uniquely, be assessed directly and non-invasively. For these reasons, the retina may prove to be an important “window” for revealing and understanding brain disease. In this review, we discuss the gross anatomy of the eye, focusing on the sensory and non-sensory cells of the retina, especially microglia, that lend themselves to diagnosing brain disease by imaging the retina. We include a history of ocular imaging to describe the different imaging approaches undertaken in the past and outline current and emerging technologies including retinal autofluorescence imaging, Raman spectroscopy, and artificial intelligence image analysis. These new technologies show promising potential for retinal imaging to be used as a tool for the diagnosis of brain disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and others and the assessment of treatment success.

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Title: Imaging the eye as a window to brain health: frontier approaches and future directions
Authors: Hasan U. Banna
Mary Slayo
James A. Armitage
Blanca del Rosal
Loretta Vocale
Sarah J. Spencer
Publication date: 01-12-2024
Publisher: BioMed Central
Keywords: Alzheimer's Disease
Alzheimer's Disease
Artificial Intelligence
Retinal Diseases
Published in: Journal of Neuroinflammation / Issue 1/2024
Electronic ISSN: 1742-2094
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-024-03304-3

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Imaging the eye as a window to brain health: frontier approaches and future directions

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