Multi-omics in Allergic Rhinitis: Mechanism Dissection and Precision Medicine

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common chronic inflammatory airway disease caused by inhaled allergens, and its prevalence has increased in recent decades. AR not only causes nasal leakage, itchy nose, nasal congestion, sneezing, and allergic conjunctivitis but also induces asthma, as well as sleep disorders, anxiety, depression, memory loss, and other phenomena that seriously affect the patient’s ability to study and work, lower their quality of life, and burden society. The current methods used to diagnose and treat AR are still far from ideal. Multi-omics technology can be used to comprehensively and systematically analyze the differentially expressed DNA, RNA, proteins, and metabolites and their biological functions in patients with AR. These capabilities allow for an in-depth understanding of the intrinsic pathogenic mechanism of AR, the ability to explore key cells and molecules that drive its progression, and to design personalized treatment for AR. This article summarizes the progress made in studying AR by use of genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiomics in order to illustrate the important role of multi-omics technologies in facilitating the precise diagnosis and treatment of AR.